Society And Culture Preliminary Exam Yearly

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1. List all Course Concepts

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1. Primary - Society, Culture, Persons, Environment, Time

Secondary - Power, Authority, Gender, Identity, Technologies, Globalisation.

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2. Define Each Concept (Primary)

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2. Society - Made up of people, groups, networks, institutions, organisations, and systems.

Culture - Refers to shared knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that give each society its coherence, identity and distinctive way of life.

Environment - Each society is located in a particular physical setting and interacts with its environment

Persons - Each person is a unique individual who develops in a social and environmental setting, influenced by various interacts with other persons or groups.

Time - Every person, society, culture and environment is located in a certain time period and is changing with time.

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3. Define Each Concept (Secondary)

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3. Power - the ability or capacity to influence or persuade others to a point of view or action to which they may not always agree.

Authority - usually linked to power and the right to make decisions and to determine, adjudicate or settle issues or disputes in society.

Gender - the socially constructed differences between males and females. Social lives - including roles, work, behaviour is organised around the dimensions of these differences.

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4. Define Each Course Concept (Secondary)

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4. Identity - Refers to the sense of self and can be viewed from a personal, social or cultural level. Technologies - Refers to all tools we use to assist our interactions in society. Technology can lead to innovation and initiate change on micro, meso and macro levels of society.Globalisation - the process of integration and sharing of goods, capital, labour, services, knowledge, leisure between countries.

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5. Define Micro, Meso, Macro

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5. Micro - Very local area e.g family, friends

Meso - Regional area e.g State, local clubs

Macro - Large area, national, global e.g countries, world organisations

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6. Define what a Quantitative Data is.

Give an example of a quantitative methodology.

Give Pros and Cons

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6. Quantitative data is information about quantities, information that can be measured or written down with numbers.

Examples include census, polls, questionnaires, statistical analysis

Data can be quantified, measured, can generalise research easily

the emotions, feelings, insights, motives, intents, views & opinions of the subject are not taken into account. only the outward behavior is seen

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7. Define what a Qualitative Data is.

Give an example of a qualitative methodology.

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7. Qualitative data is information about qualities, data which can not be measured in numbers.

Examples include interviews, focus groups, participant observation

Thorough, can see participant emotions, feelings, insight

Hard to conduct on large quantities of participants, hard to quantify

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8. What is ethical research?

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8. Ethical research are the guidelines which all researches are expected to follow when conducting their research.

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9. Name 5 guidelines of ethical research

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9. All research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and any possible risks involved in the research.

Participants can't be put into awkward situations or asked to talk about sensitive topics.

Researches must be honest with participants about the topic and the scope of the project and what is expected of the participants.

The researcher must anticipate any negative effects on participants e.g embarrassment

The researcher is mindful of special needs of vulnerable groups e.g children

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10. Define Acculturation

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10. (Adopt Culture)Acculturation is the process of contacts between different cultures in which members of one cultural group adopts the culture of another.

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11. Define Beliefs

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11. A set of opinions or convictions; ideas which we believe to be true. Beliefs can come from ones own experiences or from what they have been told by others.

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12. Define Case study

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12. The collection of data related to an individual or small group through one or more research methods.

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13. Define Community

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13. A social system with an amplified sense of relationship and mutual identity amongst its members.

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14. Define Ethics

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14. Refers to moral issues of what is right or wrong. Ethical behaviour follows understood codes of what is morally right when undertaking any study of people or society.

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15. Define Focus group

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15. a research method used to collect data from an in-depth planned discussion of a defined topic, help by a small group of people brought together by a moderator. The techniques used are similar to those in an in-depth interview.

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16. Define Gender

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16. the socially constructed differences between females and males. Much of our social lives are organised around the dimensions of these differences.

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17. Define Identity

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17. The sense of self. This can be viewed from the personal, social and cultural levels. Identity is formed over a period of time as a result of various interactions on the micro, meso and macro levels of society.

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18. Define Cultural Diversity

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18. As a society becomes larger, smaller immigrant groups join the dominant culture. The more complex a society gets, the more likely it is that its culture will become internally varied and diverse. Cultural diversity implies a two-way share of ideas, customs and values among the cultures.

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19. Define Customs

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19. Established ways of acting or cultural practices that are unique to groups in society.

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20: Define Prejudice

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20. The attitude, usually negative, that involves prejudgements or preconceived ideas, negative feels and stereotyped beliefs held towards a whole group or its individual members.

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21. Define Race

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21. A social construction, the members of which are treated as distinct or different on the basis of certain characteristics e.g skin colour

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22: Define Secularisation

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22: A process whereby a religion loses its influence over the various spheres of social life.

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23. Social Class

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23. Those members of a society whom occupy a similar position in the economic system of production.

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24. Define Tradition

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24. The body of cultural practices and beliefs, passed down generation to generation, often by word of mouth.

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25. Define Values

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25. Deeply held ideas and beliefs which guide our thinking, languages and behaviour.

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26. Content Analysis

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26. Refers to a general set of techniques useful for analysing and understanding collections of texts.

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27. Interview

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27. A formal discussion between a hirer and a candidate, typically in person, in which the they discuss information relevant to the applicants sustainability for a position

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28. Observation

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28. Involves watching and recording behaviours within a clearly defined area

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29. Participant Observation

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29. The researcher become immersed into the action being observed, often his or her role as a researcher is not obvious. e.g joining a group to study their behaviour

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30. What are three theories on identity?

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30. Biological Determinism, Behaviourism, Constructivist

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31. Define these theories

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31. Biological determinism - we are simply biological creatures, all our actions are completely determined through our genetics and biology and we can not change who we are.

Behaviourism - We are born as blank slates and our interactions with our environment, and other people modifies us into who we are today.

Constructivist - We construct our understanding of the world through past experiences and our knowledge.

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32. Name 3 theories used in Society and Culture.

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39. Structural Functionalist, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism.

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33. Define Structural Functionalism

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40. Structural Functionalist - Looks into the various roles within society and how each of the contribute to the whole.

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34. Define Conflict Theory

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41. sees society as a competition for limited resources, with people and groups in a constant conflict to maintain their positions and claim resources.

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35. Define Symbolic Interactionism

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42. Believes the world to be made up through individual's use of language, symbols and meaning, their interactions with objects, and other individuals and the interpretations of these interactions. Focuses on one-on-one interactions.

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36. Define Change

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An alteration in the way people behave, or how their society is structure, can result from acculturation. Communication can help this to be a positive process.

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37. Define Communication

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The successful exchange of messages and ideas is the central theme of intercultural communication.

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38. Define Cultural Relativism

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We understand that one culture cannot be judged by the standards of another. People's behaviour can only be understood in terms of objectivity.

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39. Define Cultural Heritage

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The shared understandings that gie each culture its distinctive way of life are passed on from generation to generation. Cultural heritage helps to form a person's identity.

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40. Define Cultural Transmission

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Aspects of on's group's culture are often transmitted through the process of acculturation.

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41. Define Globalisation

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The emergence of a global culture through the existence of world information systems and the spreads of global patterns of consumerism has resulted in the increased need for intercultural communication.

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42. Define Stereotypes

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The preconceived view of the characteristics of a certain group held by individuals who are not of that group. These views are often negative, generalised and inflexible. They ignore differences that exist between members of the stereotyped group.

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43. What are the 3 stages of communication?

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Encoding, Transmission, Decoding

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44. Define Encoding

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The translation of ideas into coded message.

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45. Define Transmission

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Requires the sender to use some kind of channel (oral, written, visual) to transmit the code

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46. Define Decoding

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Once the message is received it is examined and the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpretation.

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47. Define Low Context Culture

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Those which place low emphasis upon non-verbal communication and social hierarchy. Focus upon direct language.

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48. Define High Context Culture

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Place great value upon non-verbal communication and social hierarchy. Focuses upon building relationships.

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49. What is Communication Accommodation Theory?

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That a person identifies their social identity based upon their relationships with a social group. Also that people change the way they communicate to match the way their listener expects. (in jokes, references)

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50. What are in-groups?

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Groups in which an individual feels to be a member e.g. family, friends, race, gender

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51. Define out-groups

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Groups for which an individual feels contempt, opposition or a sense of competition.

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52. Define Convergence

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Changing behaviour to become affiliated with a group.

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53. Define Semiotics

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The study of signs. The signifier uses a sign to invoke a signified concept in someone's mind.

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54. Define Signifier

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A physical entity that can include sounds, images or letters to convey meaning.

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55. Define signified

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An interpretation of a signifier. The idea or connotation of what is being signified.

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56. Define syntagm

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A single word or element of design that when altered changes the overall meaning.

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57. What is Karl Mannheim's Theory of Communications

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States that the social consciousness of a generation is significantly influenced by the major historical events of that era.

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58. Define Generations

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A group of individuals of similar age whose members have experienced a noteworthy historical event within a set period of time.

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59. Define Discrimination

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Treating a person or group differently often in a negative manner usually as a result of prejudice.

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60. Define Norms

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Shared expectations of behaviour that are considered to be culturally and socially desirable and appropriate. Vary across culture.

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61. Define Ritual

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A series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.

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62. Define Social Exclusion

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The failure of society to provide its individuals and groups with access to those rights normally extended to its members such as education.

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63. Define Social Nobility

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The ability of individuals and groups to move vertically within a social hierarchy.

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64. Define Westernisation

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A social process where the values, customs, and practices of Western industrial capitalism are adopted to form the basis of cultural exchange.

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65. What are the major religions in India

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Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism.

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66. What are the separate castes in Hindu culture?

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Brahmin - Top caste, religious, power leaders

Kshatriya - Military caste, power, authority.

Vaishya - Merchants, traders, landowners.

Shudra - Servants, peasants or working class

Dalit - Extreme poverty, homeless, untouchable

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67. Cultural Differences between India and Australia

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Prayer position, Namaste - shake hands, hello

Conservative, refrain from hugs or kisses - Generally accepted

Eye contact is intrusive - respectful

Whistling and winking is sexual, rude - playful, friendly, normal

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68. Define Intercultural Dialogue

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Open and respectful exchange an interaction between individuals, groups, and organisations with different cultural backgrounds or world views.

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69. What are the stages of Jane Loevinger's Theory of Development?

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Pre-social - baby can not differentiate itself from the world, focuses on immediate needs

Impulse - child asserts their growing sense of self, views people as "mean to me, nice to me"

Self protective - self control over impulses, protects themself, has the notion of blame, learns to anticipate rewards/punishment

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70. What are the stages of Jane Loevinger's Theory of Development?

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Conformist - People view themselves and others as a conforming society, sense of belonging, obsessed with obtaining approval, stereotyped

Self-aware - Increase in self awareness, capacity to imagine multiple possibilities in situations, self criticise, still susceptible to stereotypes.

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71. What are the stages of Jane Loevinger's Theory of Development?

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Conscientious - sense of responsibility, goals and ideals, has morals and guilt, judgement base on personal feeling.

Individualistic - develop respect for individuality, interpersonal ties, heightened sense of individuality, concern for emotional dependance, behaviour influenced by self evaluation.

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72. What are the stages of Jane Loevinger's Theory of Development?

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Autonomous - self-fulfilment becomes common goal, able to synthesise ideas and understand emotional independence capacity to acknowledge and cope with inner conflicts

Integrated - rarely attained, learning is understood as unavoidable, broad empathy, aware of inner conflicts and can make peace with those issues

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73. What are the issues with this theory?

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Clear indication of the reversibility of the stages with Loevinger didn't allow for, Loevinger thought ego to be the master trait however it was later proved it was simply an aspect of character development.

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74. What is Jean Piaget's Theory of Personal and Social Development?

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There are four stages of child development these being the sensemotor period, preoperational thought, concrete operations, and formal operations.

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75. What is the sensemotor period?

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The period in which all intellectual and physical capabilities are underdeveloped. Learns by utilising its senses. Gains object permanence and begins motor experiments.

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76. What is pre-operational thought

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Acquire language, mental imagery and symbolic thought. Egocentrism - child interprets wrold in terms of self. Centration - Fixation on one's situation or object, ignore others. Reversibility - child cannot mentally remember steps of reasoning

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77. What are concrete operations?

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Able to take the point of view of another. Have developed and can apply logical thought processes to a physical context. They have lost egocentric behaviours and can apply logical thought.

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78. What are Formal Operations?

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Able to perform advanced tasks e.g. constructing abstract ideas, and performing higher order reasoning. No longer need concrete representation of a problem or question.

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79. What was Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development?

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That the ego would mature and evolve through stages across the lifespan as a result of dynamic interaction between inner self and outer environment.

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80. What was Piaget's Theory of Personal and Social Development?

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That humans gradually come to acquire knowledge, learning how to properly construct and use it over time throughout various stages.