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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socialism |
Opposed to capitalism Founded on collectivism, common humanity & social equality |
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Socialism Topics |
Collectivism Common humanity Equality Social class Workers control
Coloured communities eat spicy wings |
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Collectivism |
Humans achieve political, economic & social objectives through collective action (working together) |
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Effects of Collectivism on SESH |
1. State State intervention & state planning > promotes collectivist goals Increase in spending & growth of state 2. Economy Utilises capabilities of whole society efficiently > no waste or competitiveness 3. Human nature Humans are social animals > prefer to live in social groups: tied by bonds of fraternity (brotherhood) Human nature is moulded by social conditions > people are defined in terms of social groups they belong to 4. Society Interest of community = priority over personal self interest > promotes social unity & responsibility |
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Viewpoints of collectivism |
Marxists • Centralised state which organises production & distribution • Nationalise industries > USSR after 1929 Communists • Private ownership abolished > Common ownership • Classless society • State withers away > humans realise full potential Moderate Socialists • Accept certain degree of free market capitalism • Limited Collectivism > 1945-1951 Labour Govt nationalised Coal, Electricity, Iron & Steel Capitalism • Privately owned wealth & g+s produced for profit • Economic driving force of global economy today |
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Criticisms of collectivism |
❌ suppresses human individuality & diversity ❌ growth of arbitrary state power & erodes individual freedoms ❌ since 70s > less important as it produces dependency culture USSR collapse in 1991 |
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Forms of collectivism |
• industrial relations • housing • healthcare • industry • education Hoes is healthy in Edmonton |
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Common humanity |
Cooperative effort Moral motivation Interventionism |
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Equality |
Ensures fairness Reinforces collectivism, cooperation & solidarity Satisfies basic human needs |
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Common ownership |
State supervises distribution of resources to prevent social & economic inequalities |
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Social class |
Social class categories Decline of socialism+working class link |
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Workers control |
1. Complete or partial ownership of an enterprise by employees with real decision making powers 2. Control of state by workers > wider & more political concept |
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Socialist thinkers |
Karl Marx (1818-83) & Friedrich Engels (1820-95) Beatrice Webb (1858-1943) Rosa Luxembourg (1871-1919) Anthony Crosland (1918-77) Anthony Giddens (1938-) |
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Anthony Crosland |
1. Inherent contradictions in capitalism 2. State manager capitalism Future of Socialism (1956) |
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Inherent contradictions in capitalism |
• Govts pursuing Keynesian economics can maintain higher employment, ensure lower inflation & continuous growth Produces higher living standards • main aim of socialism = manage capitalism > greater social equity & social justice • four justifications for equality: Economic efficiency Creation of a more communitarian society Injustice of rewarding talents + abilities Need for social justice |
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State managed capitalism |
• high levels of govt spending on redistribution & welfare services • best way to sustain economic growth: Keynesian demand management of a mixed economy with nationalised industries in a system based on private ownership • economic expansion = funds for welfare & social spending • development of comprehensive schools |
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Anthony Giddens |
1. The third way 2. Rejection of state intervention The third way: The renewal of social democracy (1998) |
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The third way |
• new political approach drawing on strength of social democratic AND neo-liberal free market traditions but avoids weaknesses Rejection of state intervention & acceptance of free market in the economy Role of state in social investment in infrastructure & education |
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Rejection of state intervention |
• top down state intervention = ineffective & inefficient • left should get comfortable with markets > encouraged personal qualities like responsibility • called for govt. action to control widening equalities of outcome • stressed importance of community & responsibility > defeats excess materialism & competitive individualism |
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Social investment state |
Contract between govt. & citizen > state benefits from growth, must invest in infrastructure & education |
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Types of socialism |
Social democracy Revolutionary socialists Third way |
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Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels |
1. Socialism 2. Communism The Communist Manifesto (1848) Capital (1867,1885 & 1894) |
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Socialism |
Social class is central to Socialism & emphasises three key elements of Marxism • Historical materialism > capitalism has historically always influenced all aspects of society • Dialectical change > conflict between two groups ends with establishment of Communist society • Class consciousnesses |
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Communism |
• Viewed human beings as social beings who were influenced more by nurture than nature • capitalism = alienation, separates people from true selves to the point they don’t realise their true potential; communism allows humans to be productive & happy • solution > Communist society |
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Beatrice Webb |
1. Inevitability of gradualness 2. Expansion of the state Soviet Communism: A new civilisation? (1935) |
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Inevitability of gradualness |
Establishing socialism peacefully by passing democratic reforms through existing parliamentary institutions • rejected theory of class struggle which is only used to secure interest of working class • opposed working class party > focused on spreading evolutionary socialism • average voter is selfish, limited & misinformed > rejected direct democracy & preferred representative democracy |
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Expansion of state |
Used rather than overthrowing state to deliver socialism effectively • gradual growth of state power = proof that collectivism would bring in a new socialist age • role of disciplined elite = running the state to guide mass citizens to a socialist state |
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Rosa Luxembourg |
1. Social reform 2. Class consciousness Social Reform of Revolution (1899) |
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Social Reform |
• essential for proletariat to achieve this because: Evolutionary & revisionist socialist strategies leave capitalist system of economic exploitation intact Evolutionary or reformist socialist strategy will never smooth away exploitation in capitalist society • in her book, she said capitalism would eventually run out of new territories to exploit & system will collapse |
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Class consciousness |
Struggle by proletariat creates class consciousness needed to overthrow capitalist state • in The Mass Strike, the political party & Trade unions (1906) > argued consciousness would develop naturally from within workers themselves • proletarian discontent > failed & successful strikes happen • mass strike is then created |
