Social Welfare Final Exam

Front 1

What drives migration?

Back 1

- 39% of the population was born outside of Canada-
- Exception of First Nations, all Canadians are immigrants
- Push vs. pull factors

Front 2

What happened in Phase 1: The colonial era?

Back 2

- Europeans: land and raw materials
- British nationals single largest source of immigrants by 1867
- Majority of Canadian population (60%) after Confederation (French =35%)

Front 3

What happened in Phase 2: 1800 turn of the century?

Back 3

- Land made available in the Prairies attracts immigrants from outside Britain and France
- British assumed control of immigration (who could come, what they could do, social ranking)

Front 4

What happened in Phase 3: Turn of the century WWI?

Back 4

- Record number of immigrants arrive, most fleeing poverty and religious and/or political persecution
- Increasing number of immigrants who spoke neither English nor French (e.g. Russian, Slavic, Scandinavian, Ukrainian)
- Immigration contributes to the cultural pluralism of Canada

Front 5

What happened in Phase 4: Between WWI and WWII?

Back 5

- Great Depression reduced flow of immigrants
- Restrictions for those speaking “enemy” languages
- 1923-order in council gave “most favoured” immigrant status to those from Britain and U.S.A. followed by:
o Northern and Western Europeans
o Southern, Central, and Eastern Europeans only if no one else was available for specific employment categories
o New comers expected to conform to Anglo-Saxon norms

Front 6

What happened in Phase 5: Post WWII to present?

Back 6

- Canada’s need for unskilled labour
- By 1941, British statistical minority in Canada (44%)
- Since 1960s pressure on Western countries to accept more immigrants and refugees
- Declining birth rates in Canada contribute to need to ensure population growth through immigration

Front 7

What was the Immigration Act of 1952?

Back 7

- prohibit or limit prospective immigrant’s admission for reasons of nationality or ethnic group, peculiar customs or modes of life, climatic and socioeconomic suitability, and probable inability to become readily assimilated into the Canadian society
- third world families were separated, with devastating effects, when only one member managed to immigrate (such as domestic workers)

Front 8

How are immigration policies devised?

Back 8

- National and racial origins of prospective immigrants
- Canada’s economic conditions and labour needs
- International conditions of poverty
- Political unrest, war, or natural disaster
- People in Canada wishing to sponsor relatives
- Anticipated short- and long-term effects of specific immigrant groups on the French and English communities

Front 9

What was the immigration act of 1962?

Back 9

- Removed restrictions on race
- For the first time, residents whose origins were other than European could sponsor or nominate close relatives to immigrate.
- “Points system” introduced in 1967
o arranged employment, language (French or English), positive long-term adjustment without dependence on the government (i.e. youth, education and training, “personal qualities”)

Front 10

What was the immigration act of 1972?

Back 10

- More restrictive
- Halved Canada’s immigration quota targets
- Allowed for deportation of immigrants who were a “security threat” or if couldn’t provide for their families
- Made points system more stringent

Front 11

What are the top 10 countries who immigrate to canada?

Back 11

- China
- India
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Iran
- Korea
- Romania
- U.S.
- Sri Lanka
- U.K.

Front 12

How many immigrants to Canada settle in Ontario?

Back 12

about half

Front 13

Where do most visible minorities settle?

Back 13

Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver

Front 14

what are "climate refugees"?

Back 14

displaced from homes due to natural disasters related to climate change and rising sea levels
- e.g.: Indonesian tsunami and earthquakes in Asia

Front 15

What is the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (2002)?

Back 15

- Safety and security measures
- Sought to facilitate entry of adaptable workers with “flexible skills” rather than specific occupations
- Department of Citizenship and Immigration (CIC) ensures that those coming to Canada contribute to its social and economic interests.

Front 16

What are the 3 categories of permanent residents in Canada?

Back 16

1. Economic Class (skilled workers, business immigrants, provincial nominees, and live-in caregivers)

2. Family (spouses, partners, children under age 22, parents and grandparents of the sponsors)

3 Refugees

Front 17

What are the six selection factors for immigrants to Canada?

Back 17

- (1) Education; (2) Language (3) Years of Work Experience (4) Age (children and elderly, no score) (5) Arranged Employment (6) Adaptability (spousal or same-sex partner’s educational level)
- Minimum points to “pass”

Front 18

What is the Canada-Quebec accord?

Back 18

o Sets its own annual immigration targets
o Selects its own immigrants (though not refugees)
o Provides its own integration services

Front 19

What are "convention refugees"?

Back 19

- “Individuals who , because of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion are outside of their country of nationality or habitual residence , and are unable or unwilling by reason of that fear to return to that country (CIC, 2005)”
- Dislocation from homeland is forced, not voluntary
- Selected abroad (UN High Commissioner for Refugees)
- Settlement Assistance Program for up to one year, subject to being repaid; Private sponsors (religious organizations)

Front 20

What are "asylum seekers"?

Back 20

- Arrive as visitors or illegally and apply for refugee status through Immigration and Refugee Board

Front 21

In Ontario, ESA says that “harvest workers” (individuals hired to harvest crops) are exempt from:

Back 21

- Rules about maximum hours of work per day (or week)
- Minimum rest periods
- Minimum lunch breaks/eating periods

Front 22

How many Canadians are 1 or 2 paychecks away from being "poor"?

Back 22

49%

Front 23

What place is Canada for the "most desirable country to live"?

Back 23

8th in 2010

Front 24

What is the HDI criteria?

Back 24

1-Opportunity for a long and healthy life (based on life expectancy at birth)
ž2-Educational attainment (based 2/3 on adult literacy and 1/3 on combined gross enrollment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education)
ž3-Standard of living

Front 25

Wealth of a nation overall is not as good of a measure of living standards as the _________ of wealth within a given society

Back 25

distribution

Front 26

What are reasons against raising minimum wage?

Back 26

1. Raise incomes and jobs will go elsewhere (thus increasing unemployment)
ž2. Minimum wage earners live in families so there are other incomes
- Teenagers, adult students, women
- Just because individual worker is “minimum wage” doesn’t mean family is necessarily “poor”
ž3. Wage increases push up the cost of production pricing the workers out of the job market

Front 27

What are reasons for raising minimum wage?

Back 27

• žMost minimum wage jobs are not found in small businesses with razor thin profits but in big companies with huge profits
• Many workers do not live in multiple income families:
- Single parents (mostly women)
- Unmarried adults
- Recent immigrants
- Individuals without a high school diploma
- 71% of them live in low income families
• nobody should be required to work for a poverty wage just to have a job

Front 28

What are precarious jobs?

Back 28

- well-paid, but short-term
- long-term, but underpaid

Front 29

What is the Liberal Residual Social Welfare System?

Back 29

• Focusing primarily on market based provisions of individual welfare
ž• Focuses on limiting the extent to which social programs replace or interfere with market forces and their impacts on individuals and families

Front 30

What is the Corporatist Statist Social Welfare System?

Back 30

ž• Less concerned with free-market dogmatism
ž• Concentrate on the preservation of status differences and families’ responsibilities to help their own members in financial need

Front 31

What is the Social Democratic Social Welfare System?

Back 31

Supports universal systems and programs
ž• Believes government needs to take direct responsibility for “children, the aged, and the helpless”
• žPromotes a fusion of social welfare and employment
ž• Promotes equality of adequate standards of living

Front 32

What kind of social welfare system does Canada use?

Back 32

• žSince mid 1980’s: liberal-residual system
ž• But some universality (e.g. health care and education)
ž• “mixed” social welfare system

Front 33

What is the Neo-Liberalism Social Welfare System?

Back 33

ž• Shift away from universality and horizontal equity

• žTightening eligibility requirements for programs (such as Employment Insurance)
ž•De-universalization of programs (such as Old Age Pension)
ž• Increasing moral judgment about the recipients of aid ( many previously viewed as the “deserving poor” increasingly seen as “undeserving”-such as persons with long term disabilities)

Front 34

What are the 3 key principles of the Neo-Liberalism Social Welfare System?

Back 34

1-Individual economic self-sufficiency
2-Fiscal responsibility
3-Ethic of paid work
• These principles have been used to reduce tax and social transfer programs that previously protected living standards (particularly, for the most poor)

Front 35

What is the Universal Child Care Benefit?

Back 35

ž• New program introduced by the Conservative government in Ottawa in 2006
ž• $1200 per year (e.g. $100 per month) to families for child care related costs
ž• Eliminated the “supplement” under National Child Benefit System

Front 36

What is Provincial Social Assistance?

Back 36

ž•Run out of EI, can’t find work
ž•Primary source of income for the working age unemployed
ž•Funded partly by federal government through Canada Social Transfer (CST)
ž•So, flexibility in use according to provincial government decisions
•žMarch 2005 - 1 679 800 Canadians (excluding First Nations people) used these programs

Front 37

What are the 8 problems with globalization?

Back 37

1. globalization makes us unhappy
2. causes insecurity
3. wastes natural resources
4. destroys livelihood
5. causes conflict among groups (e.g. religious groups)
6. built on hand outs to big businesses
7. based on false accounting
8. ?

Front 38

Affording care became an _________ concern, particularly for the poor

Back 38

economic

Front 39

Who introduced the concept of universal care?

Back 39

William Lyon Mackenzie King

Front 40

Who is considered the "greatest Canadian of all time"?

Back 40

Tommy Douglas

Front 41

What was the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act?

Back 41

- Federal legislation
- Federal government agreed to pay 50% of provincial costs for acute hospital care and laboratory & radiology diagnostic services

Front 42

What was the Medical Care Insurance Act?

Back 42

- Federal legislation
- Extended 1957 act to now also include doctor’s visits and services

Front 43

What 2 acts merged in 1984 to become the Canada Health Act?

Back 43

The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act and the Medical Care Insurance Act

Front 44

What is the Canada Health Act?

Back 44

Cost-sharing between federal government and provinces/territories who control and provide health care

Front 45

What are the federal government conditions of the Canada Health Act?

Back 45

1. Comprehensive - Uniformity of coverage for necessary services

2. Universality - Free access for all

3. Accessibility - regardless of age, sex, financial or present health status

4. Portability from province to province

5. Public accountability and administration - “not for profit”

Front 46

Health care is _______ mandated but ______ administered

Back 46

federally, provincially

Front 47

Healthcare =

Back 47

Federal program, publicly funded, largest transfer of funding for healthcare

Front 48

What was the Romanow Report?

Back 48

• Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada
• Roy Romanow head of commission
• Recommended sweeping changes to ensure the long term sustainability of the Canadian health system
• Final report entitled Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada (aka the Romanow Report) released 2002
• 47 key recommendations

Front 49

What were the key recommendations of the Romanow Report?

Back 49

• Establishing a separate block grant funding stream specific to health care (Canada Health Transfer- CHT)
• Creation of Health Council of Canada to promote government collaboration in the area of health care
• Catastrophic drug funding for individuals who need expensive drug treatments to remain healthy
• Creation of a strategy for “home care”
• Encouraging a national electronic health record system

Front 50

*What are the 3 determinants of health?

Back 50

(1) Genetic and biological factors
(2) Behavioral and lifestyle factors
- Individual choices that positively or negatively affect health
Exercise, smoking, nutrition, substance use
(3) Social determinants of health
- Broader social structures and conditions that impact “health” and constrain individual choices
- Poverty, social exclusion, housing, etc.

Front 51

*Public Health Agency of Canada - What are the 12 determinants of health?

Back 51

1. income and social status
2. social support networks
3. education and literacy
4. employment/working conditions
5. social environments
6. physical environments
7. personal health practices and coping skills
8. healthy child development
9. biology and genetic endowment
10. health services
11. gender
12. culture

Front 52

What was the most common cause of death in Canada in the early 1900s?

Back 52

infectious diseases

Front 53

What were the most common causes of death in Canada in 2000?

Back 53

- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Accidents

rise in chronic diseases

Front 54

What is the Corporate Model of Health Care?

Back 54

• Health care as a “business”
• Patients as “consumers” and partners
• Hospitals’ goals
- Lowering costs
- Cutting the work force
- Technology driven
- Research

Front 55

What is the Local Health Systems Integration Act?

Back 55

Fundamentally altered the planning, funding, and administration of health care services in the province
- Created Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs)
o Not for profit local corporations that work with health care providers and the community: set health care priorities; coordinate, integrate, oversee and fund
o Principle: health care is best planned and funded at the local level “because local people are best able to determine their health care needs and priorities (Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 2008)”

Front 56

What is the Local Health Systems Integration Act (LHINs) responsible for?

Back 56

- Public and private hospitals
- Community care access centers and community support service organizations
- Mental health and addiction agencies
- Community health centres and Long term care homes

Front 57

What is the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care responsible for?

Back 57

- Individual practitioners (nurses, doctors, etc.)
- Ambulance services
- Laboratories
- Provincial plans (OHIP and provincial drug plans)

Front 58

*What is the LHIN Spin Report?

Back 58

• july 2010-released by Ontario Ombudsman
- investigation into the Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant LHIN’s use of community engagement in its decision making process
- Ombudsman’s office received 60 complaints re. local health services restructuring plans
- Hamilton Health Sciences “access to best care plan” and Niagara health system “hospital improvement plan”
the Ombudsman deemed by-law “illegal”

Front 59

What is the concept of Community Capacity Building?

Back 59

• Responsive & Comprehensive
• Social & Political
• Citizen/Family/Community Paradigm
- Bottom-Up Approach (community should take wellbeing of community)
- Integrated Services
- Reflection-In-Action Approach
• Parents and Citizens
• Connecting Personal-Trouble with Public-Issue
• Family & People-Centred Approach

Front 60

What is the Chalker Place Project?

Back 60

- 3 year community capacity building project

Front 61

Barter (2005) suggests a need for community capacity building with an understanding of:

Back 61

1. Need to alter existing power relationships
2. Need to acknowledge collaborative partnerships
3. Need to shift thinking of professionals as “experts”
4. Need to acknowledge that protecting children is the responsibility of the community
5. Need to be innovative

Front 62

Seita (2000) outlines 4 key principles for community capacity building:

Back 62

1. Connectedness
2. Dignity
3. Continuity
4. Opportunity

Front 63

What are the 2 leading causes of death in Canada?

Back 63

1. Cancer
2. Heart Disease

Front 64

What is one of the most important health determinants?

Back 64

income

Front 65

What is Old Age Security (OAS)?

Back 65

provides a monthly payment at age 65 if you have lived in Canada for at least 10 years. If you are a low-income senior, you may be eligible for other benefits as early as age 60. You must apply to receive OAS benefits.
You do not have to be retired to receive the basic OAS Pension. Like most other retirement income, your basic Old Age Security pension is taxable income (Ontario Seniors’ Secretariat, 2011)

Front 66

What is Guaranteed Income Supplement?

Back 66

provides a monthly non-taxable benefit to low-income Old Age Security (OAS) recipients living in Canada (Service Canada, 2011)

Front 67

What are the 2 longterm care options in Canada?

Back 67

1.Home and Community Support Services
- Visiting Health Professional Services
- Personal Care and Support
- Homemaking
- Community Support Services
2.Residential Care
- Supportive Housing
- Retirement Homes
- Long-Term Care Homes

Front 68

What are Visiting Health Professional Services?

Back 68

provide health care in a person’s home. Services include visits to assess needs, plan and/or provide care. Supplies and equipment relating to these services may also be available.

Front 69

What is Personal Care and Support?

Back 69

to help with a variety of daily living activities such as bathing, dressing, toileting, eating and more.

Front 70

What is Homemaking?

Back 70

assist with routine household activities such as menu planning and meal preparation, shopping, light housekeeping and more.

Front 71

What are Community Support Services?

Back 71

provide a wide variety of services such as meal delivery, transportation, caregiver relief, adult day programs, social and recreational services, security checks and more.

Front 72

What is Supportive Housing?

Back 72

for seniors who require minimal to moderate levels of personal care and support to live independently.

Front 73

What are Retirement Homes?

Back 73

privately owned rental accommodations for seniors who require minimal to moderate levels of personal care and support to live independently.

Front 74

What are Long Term Care Homes?

Back 74

designed for people who need the availability of 24-hour nursing care, supervision or higher levels of personal care

Front 75

What is the shift from rehabilitation to strict discipline and punitive approaches in past 55 years?

Back 75

- Changes in community tolerance
- Increase in lengths of sentences for violent and sexual offenders crowds jails; no impact on recidivism (repeat offender – ONEXAM)

Front 76

What was the Parole Act and National Parole Board replaced by?

Back 76

Corrections and Conditional Release Act

Front 77

What are the institutional levels of security?

Back 77

- Maximum: risk to staff, other offenders, community
- Medium: where most offenders reside, risk to community
- Minimum security: little or no risk to community

Front 78

Royal commission on aboriginal people concluded that the justice system in Canada has failed aboriginal people...

Back 78

- 18.5% of offenders serving federal sentences are of first nations or metis background
- especially evident in the west parts of Canada and the prairies where aboriginal peoples are most of the population
o aboriginal men are 60% of people in prisons in this area
o aboriginal women represent 30% of women in federal prisons
o aboriginal youth in correctional facilities younger and longer than non aboriginals
• fastest growing youth group in canada

Front 79

What is the first rule of change?

Back 79

controversy

Front 80

"Visible minority" is a UNIQUELY CANADIAN term...true/false?

Back 80

true