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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Imperialism |
The policy of one nation acquiring, controlling, or dominating another country or region. |
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Militarism |
A nation's policy of enlisting, training, equipping, and maintaining armed forces ready for war. |
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Alliance |
A union or agreement among groups working toward a common goal. |
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Sam Hughes |
~ In charge of Canada's armament industry ~ Created the shell committee to oversee the manufacturing of artillery shells ~ He was a poor administrator and the ministry was brought down by inefficiency and low profit ~ Insisted on used Canadian manufacturers ~ Knighted and dismissed in 1916 |
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Battle of the Marne |
By Sept. 10, the Germans embarked on a retreat that ended north of the Aisne River, beginning a phase of the war that would be marked by trench warfare. The First Battle of the Marne was fought to the north and east of Paris in early September 1914. |
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Total War |
The mobilization of the entire resources of a nation for war. |
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Shell Shock |
Used to describe the reaction of soldiers in world war one who endured trauma. |
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Passchendaele |
~Arthur Currie and the CEF were asked to break through german lines and retake Passchendeale, Belgium ~ Currie warned of high causualties ~ Many died but they took Passchendaele |
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Dogfight |
Aerial duels between aircrafts |
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Lusitania |
~ British passenger liner shot down by a German U-Boat ~ Germany announced that they would continue to sink any ship they came in contact with ~ Germany believed that this would put pressure on Britain to end the war. |
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Enemy Aliens |
A national living in a country that is at war with his/her homeland. |
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Conscription |
Forced enlistment in the armed forces of all fit men of certain ages. |
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Suffragists |
A person who advocates that women should have the right to vote. |
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Woodrow Wilson |
President of the United States who opposed Canada's wish to have a vote separate from Britain at the paris peace conference. |
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Colony |
A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country. |
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Arms Race |
A nuclear arms race developed during the Cold War, an intense period between the Soviet Union and the United States. This was one of the main causes that began the cold war. |
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Triple Alliance |
The alliance of Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy prior to the First World War. |
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Schlieffen Plan |
Germany's plan to stage a two-front war with Russia in the east and France in the west. |
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Ross Rifle |
Canadian produced rifle during World War 1 |
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“No Man’s Land” |
The area in between the trenches of two opposing forces. |
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Battle of Ypres |
~ Germans first started using poison gas as warfare ~ In Flanders Fields was written ~ April 22, 1915 |
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Gallipoli Campaign |
A campaign of World War I that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916. |
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Billy Bishop |
Canada's top air ace in the First World War |
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U-boats |
~ Submarines equip with torpedoes used by the Germans to sink enemy ships |
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War Measures Act |
An act that gives the federal government emergency powers during wartime, including the right to detain people without laying charges. |
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Military Service Act |
A 1917 Act that made conscription compulsory for all Canadian men between the ages of 20 and 45, calling up younger men to work first. |
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Conscientious Objector |
A person who opposes war for religious or moral reasons. |
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Fourteen Points |
The "Fourteen Points" was a statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. |
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Industrialization |
The overall change in a society from farm production and craftsmanship to mechanized manufacturing production. |
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Nationalism |
Devotion to and support of one's culture and nation, sometimes resulting in the promotion of independence. |
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Triple Entente |
The alliance of France, Britain, and Russia prior to the First World War. |
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Battle of Verdun |
The Battle of Verdun in 1916 was the longest single battle of World War One. |
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Battle of Vimy Ridge |
~ In 1916, Canadian troops were chosen to lead an assault on the German controlled vim ridge ~ Planned and executed an attack, gaining vimy ridge and many prisoners ~Battle marked the first time that Canadian divisions attacked together |
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Zimmerman Telegram |
~ The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note) was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. ~ The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. |
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Paris Peace Conference |
A meeting in Paris in 1919 to discuss the terms of a peace agreement after the First World War. |
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Victory Bonds |
Bonds issued by the Canadian government to support the war effort. |
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Union Government |
The coalition government formed by Conservatives and some Liberals and Independents governed Canada from 1917 to 1920. |
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Propaganda |
Information, usually produced by governments, presented in such a way as to inspire and spread particular beliefs or opinions. |
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Internationalism |
* |
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War Guilt Clause |
An article in the Treaty of Versailles that made Germany responsible for starting the First World War. |
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Reparations |
Compensation from a defeated enemy for damages caused by war. |
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Arthur Currie |
* |
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Battles of Attrition |
* |
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Battle of the Somme |
* |
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Convoy |
A group of ships travelling together protected by an armed force. |
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Income Tax |
A tax on personal income. |
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Armistice |
An agreement by warring parties to end hostilities. |
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Treaty of Versailles |
* |
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League of Nations |
* |
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Group Of Seven |
Group of Canadian landscape painters in the 1920s. |
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Emily Carr |
* |
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Chanak Crisis |
~ 1922 ~ Canada refused to send troops to assist the British in Turkey ~ Autonomy |
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Balfour Report |
The conclusions of the 1926 Imperial Conference that acknowledged that Canada was an autonomous community within the British Empire. |
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Statue Of Westminster |
~ The law that changed the British Empire into the British Commonwealth countries to be considered equal in status with Britain and able to make their own laws. ~ Autonomy ~ 1931 |
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King-Byng Crisis |
A situation that occurred n 1926 when Governor General Byng refused Prime Minister King's request to dissolve Parliament and call an election. |
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Collective Bargaining |
Negotiation of a contract between unions and management regarding such things as wages and working conditions. |
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Prohibition |
The banning of the sale and consumption of alcohol. |
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"Persons" Case |
A court case in which the Famous Five successfully fought to have women declared "persons" under Canadian law in 1929. |
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Laissez Faire |
An economic condition in which industry is free of government intervention. |
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Recession |
Less severe than a depression, a recession is a downturn in the economic activity in which the value of goods and services declines. |
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Boom & Bust Cycle |
A term used to describe a healthy (booming) economy and/or one that is falling (bust). |
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Isolationism |
The policy of remaining apart from the affairs of other countries. |
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Riding The Rails |
During the great depression, people would ride the rails to distant towns to find work |
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Relief Camps |
Work camps in the wilderness, for single, unemployed men |
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Regina Riots |
A riot that occurred when police attempted to clear On-to-Ottawa trekkers from a stadium in Regina. |
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Red Scare |
The fear that communism would spread to Canada. |
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CCF: Co-operation Commonwealth Federation |
Canada's first socialist party founded in the Prairies in 1932; advocated government control of the economy. |
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Supply and Demand |
The quantity of a product that is available and the market's desire for that product; the price of the product varies based on supply and demand. |
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Tariffs |
Taxes on imported goods. |
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New Deal |
A series of programs, such as social assistance for the aged and unemployed, introduced by U.S. president Roosevelt in the 1930s to deal with the depression. |
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On- to- Ottawa Trek |
A 1935 rail trip from Vancouver to Ottawa (stopped at Regina) by unemployed men to protest conditions at employment relief camps. |
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Branch Plants |
Factories, offices, or other operations set up in Canada but owned or controlled by U.S. or other foreign companies. |
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Collective Security |
Type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others |
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Trade Union |
A group of workers who unite to achieve common goals in discussions with owners and management of businesses and industries. |
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Winnipeg General Strike |
One of the most influential strikes in Canadian history, and became the platform for future wage labour reforms. |
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Famous Five |
Five Alberta women who fought for the political status of women. |
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Market Economy |
An economic system in which individuals produce goods and prices are determined by supply and demand. |
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Great Depression |
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. |
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Protectionism |
A system of using tariffs to raise the price of imported goods in order to protect domestic producers. |
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John Meynard Keynes |
An author and economist who is well-known for his stance that national governments should attempt to smooth out the effects of expansion and contraction in the business cycle by using fiscal and monetary policy |
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Equalization Payments |
A federal transfer of funds from richer to poorer provinces. |
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Regionalism |
A concern for the affairs of one's own region over those of one's country. |
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Democracy |
A system of government in which people freely choose in a democratic society, including voting in elections, guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. |
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Capitalism |
An economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are owned privately or by shareholders in corporations who have invested their money in the hope of making a profit. |
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Governor General |
The person who represents the British crown in Canada. |
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Senate |
The second legislative body in Parliament considering of appointed members whose role is to give sober second thought to the passage of bills. |
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Backbencher |
Members of a legislature who are not Cabinet ministers, party leaders or opposition critics. |
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Bureaucracy |
Officials and administrators who carry out the work of the government. |
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Voter Apathy |
Reluctance or lack of interest in voting. |
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Coalition |
A formal alliance of political parties. |
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UDHR: Universal Declaration Of Human Rights |
The United Nations outline of the rights to which all humans are entitled. |
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Fascism |
An authoritarian system of government that exercises complete power, surpasses government opposition often through the use of force, and encourages nationalism and racism. |
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Cabinet |
The group of ministers chosen by the Prime Minister who decide government policy; each Cabinet minister has a responsibility for a particular department. |
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Caucus |
A meeting of the members of a legislative body who are members of a particular political party, to select candidates or decide policy. |
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Party Whip |
A member of the legislature assigned the specific role of ensuring all members of their party are present in the legislature to support party interests. |
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Patronage |
A favour, often a government position, given in return for political support. |
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Polling Stations |
Locations where citizens in a riding vote. |
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Popular Vote |
* |
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Residual Powers |
Power retained by a governmental authority after certain powers havebeen delegated to other authorities |
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Communism |
A social and economic ideology that believes property, production, and distribution of goods and services should be owned by the public, and the labour force should be organized for the benefit of all society members. |
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Liberalism |
A political philosophy supporting individual freedom and minimal government involvement in the lives of it's citizens. |
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Direct Democracy |
Direct democracy (also known as pure democracy) is a form of democracy in which people decide (e.g. vote on, form consensus on) policy initiatives directly. |
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Deputy Minister |
A deputy minister is the senior civil servant in a government department. |
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Executive Council |
A council having the highest executive power or authority. |
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Rule Of Law |
The principle that laws apply to all members pf society equally; no one is above the law. |
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Majority Government |
A government in which the ruling party has more than half of the total number of seats in the legislature. |
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Socialism |
A political and economic system in which the means of production and distribution in a country are publicly owned and controlled for the benefit of all members of a society. |
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Conservatism |
A political philosophy supporting traditional values and institutions and opposing sudden change. |
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House Of Commons |
The first legislative body of parliament whose members are elected. |
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Representative Democracy |
A system in which citizens elect a politician who makes decisions for them. |
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Shadow Cabinet |
It comprises a senior group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members shadow or mark each individual member of the Cabinet. |
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Chief Electoral Officer |
An independent officer of Parliament responsible for federal elections. |
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Minority Government |
A government in which the ruling party has more seats than any other party, but the other parties combined have more seats than the government. |
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Global warming |
The observed and projected increase in the Earth's average temperature due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. |
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Ozone Layer |
A thin layer of ozone in the atmosphere 15 to 30 kilometres above Earth; the ozone layer filters the suns UV rays. |
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Greenhouse Effect |
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's temperature to rise. |
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Kyoto Protocol |
An international agreement that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions |
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Montreal Protocol |
An international agreement signed in 1987 to phase out the ozone depleting chemicals CFCs |
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Aquifer |
An underground layer of rock, gravel, etc. from which water can be drawn for wells and which is a source of springs |
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GM Organism |
* |
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Subsistence Farming |
A form of farming in which the crops grown are used to feed the farmer and his or her own family, with little or nothing left over to sell or trade. |
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Herbicide |
Substances used to kill plants |
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Pesticide |
Substances used to kill pests such as unwanted plants and animals |
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Bruntland Report |
Brundtland Commission's mission is to unite countries to pursue sustainable development together. |
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Deforestation |
The process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else. |
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Literacy Rate |
The percentage of a population that is able to read and write. |
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Agenda 21 |
A statement of environmental action, produced at the 1992 Earth Summit, that outlines actions that should be taken to protect the planet and achieve sustainable development. |
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Boer War |
~ 1899- 1902 ~ Canada sent 7000 volunteers to assist the British in South Africa ~ Autonomy |
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Alaska Boundary Dispute |
~ 1905 ~ Britain gave Alaska Panhandle to the US ~ Autonomy |
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Department Of External Affairs |
~ Established by Canada ~ 1909 ~ Autonomy |
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1911 |
~ Reciprocity with US rejected by voters. ~ No Truck or Trade with the Yankees ~ Voters also rejected an independent Canadian navy ~ Autonomy |
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Imperial War Cabinet |
~ Canada fought as a British colony in WW1 (1914-1918) until British Imperial War Cabinet established in 1916 ~ Autonomy |
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Paris Peace Conference & League Of Nations |
~ Canada received its own seat at the conference and in the League Of Nations (Although Canada rejected Article X re: Collective Security. ~ Autonomy |
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Halibut Treaty |
~ 1923 ~ First treaty Canada signed without British consent ~ Autonomy |
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Balfour Report |
~ 1923 ~ All dominions equal in status with each other and with Britain, agreed to by Britain at an imperial conference ~ Autonomy |
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1927 |
~ Canada establishes it's own embassy in Washington ~ Autonomy |
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Refusal Of Canada To Join Wars |
~ Refused to get involved in international affairs for fear of being dragged into another war, Japan invades China in 1931 and 1937, Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, no official involvement in Spanish War ~ Autonomy |
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Middle Power |
~ Canada emerged as a middle power after WW2 ~ Autonomy
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Canada as Peacekeepers |
~ Deeply involved in the UN, especially as peacekeepers ~ Suez 1956 ~ Autonomy |
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Korean War |
~ Fought as part of the UN force ~ 1950- 1953 ~ Autonomy |
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Supreme Court Of Canada: The Last Court Of Appeal |
~ Created by Canada, meaning that no more appeals to the Privy Council in Britain ~ Autonomy
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Canada's alignment with the US |
~ Foreign policies aligned Canada to the US ~ US radar bases in the north, NATO, NORAD, Canada refused to recognize the communist government in China because the US does not. ~ Canada also grounded the Avro Arrow fighter plane (1958) because the US did not want it, instead Canada bought the US Bormarc ICBMs ~ Economic integration with the US through the St. Lawrence Seaway (1950s), Autopact (1964), foreign ownership of Canadian industries, NAFTA (1989) ~ In the 1970s and the 1980s, US refused to recognize Canada's claims of sovereignty in the Arctic ~ Autonomy |
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1900- 1914 Era |
~ New transportation and communication technology ( Steamships, Trains; CPR, Telegraph, Telephone) allow Canada to become integrated into the world's economy ~ Canada was a country that produced primary products (wheat) but both Britain and the US were investing in emerging Canadian industries (mining, pulp and paper, railway constructions, hydroelectric projects) ~ Urbanization was increasing ~ Economic Cycles |
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1914- 1918 Era |
~ WW1 brought the industrial age to Canada ~ Canada produced millions of shells, as well as planes, ships, etc., in war production ~ Much of the production was done by women in the workforce ~ Economic Cycles |
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1920s Era |
~ Americans began to heavily invest in Canadian industries after a short recession at the end of the Great War led to the economy booming ~ Economic Cycles |
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1930s Era |
~ Great Depression/ Dust Bowl left little industrial production, high unemployment and deflation. ~ The government became more involved in the economy (Royal Commission on Price Spreads, Rowell- Sirois Royal Commission, Bennett's " New Deal" ~ Economic Cycles |
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1939- 1945 Era |
~ World War 2 causes the Canadian economy to boom ~ Women are recruited into the work place ~ Government involved in raising funds (Victory Bonds), rationing, price controls ~ Economic Cycles |
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1945- Present Era |
~ Creation of Welfare State in Canada ~ Old Age Pensions improved, unemployment insurance created, Family Allowances, welfare system expanded ~ Economic Cycles |
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1945- 1960 Era |
~ Canada's Golden Age: Low Unemployment, High prosperity ~ PM King tried to prevent a recession (like after WW2), with National Housing Act, unemployment insurance, offering business incentives to invest in new equipment and to upgrade plants ~ Baby Boom: Led to new construction, new schools, rise of suburbs ~ 1950s: St. Lawrence Seaway: completed, natural gas pipeline built, Alberta to Central Canada ~ Economic Cycle |
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1960s Era |
~ Autopact negotiated with the US ~ Regional disparity dressed with DREE (Department of Regional Economic Expansion) ~ Economic Cycles |
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1970s Era |
~ Debate about foreign ownership in Canada (FIRA: Foreign Investment Review Agency) ~ Politics of oil: Price increase helped with inflation ("double digit") Early government attempts to halt inflation failed, led to wage and price controls (1975), which did little to stop inflation |
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1980s Era |
~ Period of recession: Canadian dollar dropped, leaving the US goods more expensive, leading to more inflation ~Oil prices were high ~ Rise in interest rates ~ Fewer goods bought, less industrial production, workers fired, fewer taxes were paid ~ Stagflations: Stagnant economy, high inflation, high unemployment ~ Recession eased at end of decade ~ FIRA was eliminated and the Free Trade Agreement with the US ~ Economic Cycle |
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1990s Era |
~ Government spending much more than it recieved resulting in defecits ~NAFTA created ~ Computer Age arrived ~ Economic Cycles |
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Early Wars |
~ Boer War and Great War, fought as a junior partner of the British ~ International Involvement |
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International Involvement to 1945 |
~ Canada was an independent voter at the Paris Peace Conference ~ Canada received a separate seat at the League of Nations ~ First Nation to dispute the idea of collective security ~ Refused to assist the British with the Chanak Crisis ~ Refused to vote sanctions in the league of nations against Japan when it invaded china or Italy when it invaded Abyssinia ~ World War 2: fought with distinction ( Battle of the Atlantic, In Italy, Normandy, Liberation of the Netherlands) |
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Wars and International Involvement since 1945 |
~ Korean War (1950-1953): fought as part of the UN ~ Cold War: ally of the US in its war against communism, 1945-1989, against mostly as a junior partner of the US. Involved with NATO, NORAD, UN ~ Peacekeeping: Suez, Congo, Cyprus, Yugoslavia, Somalia |
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Suez |
– Egypt seizes control of Suez Canal from English-French company • Suez Canal – links Mediterranean and Red Sea – Israel fearful, sends troops, supported by British and French – USSR pledges support to Egypt – USA angry with Israel/Britain/France, sides against USSR – Canada disagrees with British and French actions |
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International Trade Agreements |
~ Resource Provider (wheat, timer) ~ 1911- Canadians reject reciprocity (free trade) with the US ~ 1920s- less British influence, More American influence in Canadian industries ~ TransCanada Pipeline, St. Lawrence Seaway ~ Columbia Treaty ~ Autopact ~ Free Trade Agreement ~ NAFTA ~ International Involvement |
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Autonomy Bills |
~ 1905 ~ Alberta and Saskatchewan become Provinces ~ System Of Government |
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Suffrage |
~ 1916- 1918 ~ Women in Canada granted the right to vote ~ System Of Government |
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King-Byng Crisis* |
~ 1926 ~ Defined the role of the governor general in Canada ~ System Of Government |
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"Third Party"/ National Progressives |
~ 1920s ~ Creation of Canada's first third party, the National Progressives ~ System Of Government |
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Statue Of Westminster* |
~ 1931 ~ Essentially made Canada a truly independent nation ~ System Of Government |
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1930s/ System Of Government |
~ Creation of two western political parties: CCF and Social Credit Party ~ Rowell- Sirois Royal Commission recommended new roles for both federal and provincial governments (redistribution of funds and powers) |
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1949/ System Of Government |
~ Supreme Court of Canada, established in 1875, becomes Canada's highest court when appeals to the Privy Council in Britain are ended ~ Newfoundland joins confederation |
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1960/ System of Government |
~ First Nations Peoples given the right to vote in federal elections in peacetime |
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1970/ System of Government |
~ October Crisis in Quebec ~ First use of the War Measures Act in peacetime |
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1980/ System of Government |
~ Quebec Referedum on sovereignty association- rejected by Quebec by a large margin |
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1982/ System of Government |
~ Canadian constitution patriated, Charter Of Rights and Freedoms added |
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1990/ System of Government |
~ Failure of the Meech Lake Accord |
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1992/ System of Government |
~ Failure of the Charlottetown Accord |
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1995/ System of Government |
~ Second Quebec referendum fails but by a vote of 51% to 49% |
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1945/ Social Issues: Immigration |
~ Sifton's Last Best West; Many immigrants (mostly Americans, Europeans or British) ~ BC opposed Asian immigration (Head Tax, Chinatown Riot, Komagatu Maru) ~ SS St. Louis: 400 Jews not allowed to enter Canada (1939) |
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1946/ Social Issues: Immigration |
~ Immigration Act: "acceptable" immigrants were British subjects, and quotas were imposed for Asian Immigrants |
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1947- 1952/ Social Issues: Immigration |
17 000 war refugees from Central Europe were permitted to enter Canada |
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October Crisis |
* |
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Meech Lake Accord |
Much debate over the Accord
Trudeau against the Accord, felt the “distinct society” clause would isolate Québec from the rest of Canada First Nations argue that they should be recognized as a distinct society as well Many Canadians want more input into the Accord Manitoba and Newfoundland agreeing, the Accord fails Many in Québec feel betrayed again, more support for separatism MP Lucien Bouchard leaves Conservative Party and forms the Bloc Québécois (BQ), a federal separatist party |
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Charlottetown Accord |
Québec to be recognized as a “distinct society” |
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1962/ Social Issues: Immigration |
~ New immigration policies introduced ~ Sponsorship introduces; Canadian citizens could sponsor relatives |
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1967/ Social Issues: Immigration |
~ Points System established - Points awared for education, training, occupational demands, adaptability, age, etc. - 50 points can enter Canada |
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1978/ Social Issues: Immigration |
~ New immigrant guidelines adapted - Humanitarian, Economic, Demographic ~ Three classes of immigrants - Family, Refugee, Economic |
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1990/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Few rights ~ Main Problems: Suffrage and Prohibition ~ Nellie McClung and Emily Murphy led the battle for the right to vote ~ WCTU fought for prohibition |
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1914- 1918/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Female contribution to War led to limited suffrage in 1917 to got the right to vote in 1918 ~ Agnus Macphail became Canada's first elected MP |
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1929/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Person's Case: Privy Council: overturned a supreme court decision that disallowed Canadian women to enter the Senate ~ Cairine Wilson became Canada's first female senator ~ During the boom of the 1920s, more women entered the workforce |
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World War 2/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Women joined the armed forces: Canadian Army Corps and the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service ~ Women entered the workplace in large numbers to assist in the war effort |
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1950s/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Baby boom led to more housewives ~ Ellen Fairclough became the first woman to be appointed to a cabinet position in the federal government |
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1960s/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Royal Commission on the Status of Women recommended a National Action Committee on the Status of Women to end gender discrimination in the workforce |
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1970s/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Affirmative Action programs established to change texts in schools to eliminate sexism |
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1980s to the present/ Social Issues: Women |
~ Many changes were made to women rights in the 20th century but there is still a long way to go. |
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1899- 1901/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Boer War: English Canadians wanted participation but French did not |
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1914-1918/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Conscription Crisis: English Canada felt French Canada wasn't doing it's part, split the country |
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1935/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Maurice Duplesis became Union Nationale premier of Quebec, followed Quebec nationalist policies |
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1939- 1945/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Second Conscription Crisis: Just like WW1, it was felt that the French were not contributing their fair share |
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1960s/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Quiet Revolution: Quebec modernized and demand more rights within confederation ~ Bilingualism and Biculturalism Royal Commission: recommended bilingual polices ~ Charles De Gaulle incident in Montreal |
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1970/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ October Crisis: Two important politicans kidnapped, Pierre LaPorte was killed by the (FLQ) ~ Violent end to Quiet Revolution |
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1976/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Election of Parti Quebecois led to Bill 101 and Quebec becomes a French province ~Led to 1980 referendum on sovereignty association |
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1982/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms became part of Canada's new constitution; Quebec refused to sign the constitution |
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1987- 1990/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Failure of the Meech Lake Constitutional Accord, designed to convince Quebec to sign the constitution |
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1992/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Charlotte Accord also rejected by Canadians |
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1995/ Social Issues: French- English Relations |
~ Second Referendum: barley rejected by Quebecers ~ Since then, separation has become a very cold issue |
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Prior to 1920/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ Indian Act made a huge impact on First Nations Peoples ~ Disease killed 60-70 % of FN population ~ Indian Act dictated "status" ~ Cultural practices outlawed ~Duncan Campbell Scott, called for the complete assimilation of FNP ~ Residential Schools ~ 50% of Children in residential schools died by disease and abuse |
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1920s/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ Allied tribes formed to fight for aboriginal rights ~ Federal government made it illegal to elect funds for land claims |
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1939- 1945/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ 3000 FNP volunteer to fight in WW2 ~ Lost status by joining war ~ Few received pensions |
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1946/ Social Issues: First Nations |
Hearings into Indian Act amended |
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1948/ Social Issues: First Nations |
FNP granted suffrage in BC |
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1960/Social Issues: First Nations |
FNP got the right to vote in federal elections |
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1969/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ Federal government recommended an end to the Indian Act (White Paper) ~ FNP appalled |
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1983/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ Self-government endorsed by the federal government |
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1986/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ Sechelt FN Band because the first to form a self government |
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1999/ Social Issues: First Nations |
~ Nunavit terretory established |
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1990s/Social Issues: First Nations |
~ BC decideces to negotiate treaties with the BC FNP ~ First treaty signed with the Nisga'a in 1999 ~ BC Treaty Commission issues involve land claims, economic development and education practices |
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1900-1911/ Environment Issues |
~ Growth of cities ~ Land in cities designated residential, business, industrial, etc. ~ Increase in city population ~ High infant mortality rates because of unhealthy conditions |
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1919/ Environment Issues |
~ Department of Health: established in response to the influenza epidemic ~ Attempted to improve living conditions in Canada |
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1930s/ Environment Issues |
~ Dust Bowl due to poor methods of farming ~ Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration established to introduce anti- erosion measures and water-storage facilities ~ Trail: Cominco smelters produce large amount of pollution ~ International Joint Commission: established to examine Cominco problem |
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Late 1940s and 1950s/ Environment Issues |
~ Baby boom and post war economic boom led to the growth of suburbs and improvements in Canada ~ Increase in Urban populations |
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1960s/ Environment Issues |
~ Damming of the Columbia River in BC: led to the destruction of salmon habitat, and increased farming in irrigated areas lead to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides flowing into the Columbia River ~ Creation of Greenpeace |
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1970s/ Environment Issues |
~ Acid Rain became a recognized problem ~ High oil prices led to the development of nuclear energy |
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1990s/ Environment Issues |
~ Salmon stocks on the west coast has been drastically reduced, leading to long running dispute between Canada and the US on how to deal with the issue ~ Due to overfishing the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, all cod fishing has been stopped ~ Outside of Canada and the other developing nations, there has been an increase in population and a reduction of standard of living in the developing parts of the globe. |
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SPERM- G |
~ S: Social ~ P: Political ~ E: Economic ~ M: Military ~ G: Geography |
