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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social stratification
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a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
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4 principles of social stratification
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trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences
carries over generations universal but variable involves not just inequality, but beliefs as well |
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social mobility
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a change in position within the social hierarchy
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horizontally
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people switch from one job to another at about the same social level
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caste system
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social stratification based on ascription, or birth
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class system
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social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
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meritocracy
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social stratification based on personal merit
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status consistency
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degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
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estate system
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castelike system in england during the middle ages
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estates
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clergy
nobility commoners |
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law of primogeniture
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prevented landholdings from being divided by heirs when nobles died
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perestroika
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"reconstruction" - mikhail gorbachev's new economic program that brought him to power
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structural social mobility
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a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society than to individual efforts
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ideology
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cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality
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davis-moore thesis
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social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
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capitalists
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own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
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proletarians
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working people who sell their labor for wages
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alienation
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the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
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ralf dahrendorf's reason for no marxist revolution
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fragmentation of capitalist class
higher standard of living more worker organizations greater legal protections |
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white-collar occupations
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higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
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socioeconomic status
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refers to a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
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conspicuous consumption
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buying and selling products with an eye to the "statement" they make about social position
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upper-upper
lower-upper upper-middle average-middle |
"blue bloods" or "society"
most upper-class people top half |
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INTRAgenerational social mobility
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a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime
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INTERgenerational social mobility
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upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
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four conclusions about social mobility in US
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has been fairly high over past century
long-term trend in mobility has been upward within a single generation, mobility usually small has been uneven since 1970s |
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american dream - trends
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for many workers, earnings have stalled
more jobs offer little income young people remaining at home |
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relative poverty
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deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
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absolute poverty
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deprivation of resources that is life-threatening
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feminization of poverty
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women making up increasing proportion of the poor
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oscar lewis
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poor become trapped in a culture of poverty
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julius wilson
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society is primarily responsible for poverty
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