Social Psychology Terms For Chapters 10 Thru 13

Front 1

Propinquity Effect (Ch. 10)

Back 1

The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

Front 2

Mere Exposure Effect (Ch. 10)

Back 2

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

Front 3

Social Exchange Theory (Ch. 10)

Back 3

The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on:
1. their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship
2. their perception of what kind of relationship they deserve
3. their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

Front 4

Comparison Level (Ch. 10)

Back 4

People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

Front 5

Comparison Level for Alternatives (Ch. 10)

Back 5

People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would recieve in an alternative relationship

Front 6

Equity Theory (Ch. 10)

Back 6

The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs expirenced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal

Front 7

Companionate Love (Ch. 10)

Back 7

The intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person's presence

Front 8

Passionate Love (Ch. 10)

Back 8

An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair

Front 9

Triangular Theory of Love (Ch. 10)

Back 9

The idea that different kinds of love consist of varying degrees of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment

Front 10

Evolutionary Approach to Love (Ch. 10)

Back 10

A theory derived from evolutionary biology that holes that men and women are attrated to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success

Front 11

Evolutionary Psychology (Ch. 10)

Back 11

The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection

Front 12

Attachment Styles (Ch. 10)

Back 12

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

Front 13

Secure Attachment Style (Ch. 10)

Back 13

An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

Front 14

Avoidant Attachment Style (Ch. 10)

Back 14

An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships

Front 15

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style (Ch. 10)

Back 15

An attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety.

Front 16

Investment Model (Ch. 10)

Back 16

The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depnds not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparision level and their comparision level for alternatives but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it

Front 17

Exchange Relationship (Ch. 10)

Back 17

Relationships governed by the need for equity (ex: for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)

Front 18

Communal Relationships (Ch. 10)

Back 18

Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs

Front 19

Prosocial Behavior (Ch. 11)

Back 19

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Front 20

Altruism (Ch. 11)

Back 20

The desire to help another person even it if involves a cost to the helper

Front 21

Kin Selection (Ch. 11)

Back 21

The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Front 22

Norm of Reciprocity (Ch. 11)

Back 22

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

Front 23

Empathy (Ch. 11)

Back 23

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them

Front 24

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (Ch. 11)

Back 24

The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

Front 25

Alturistic Personality (Ch. 11)

Back 25

The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

Front 26

In-Group (Ch. 11)

Back 26

The group with which an individual identifies as a member

Front 27

Out-Group (Ch. 11)

Back 27

Any group with which an individual does not identify

Front 28

Negative-State Relief Hypothesis (Ch. 11)

Back 28

The idea that people help in order to alleviate their won sadness and distress

Front 29

Urban Overload Hypothesis (Ch. 11)

Back 29

The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

Front 30

Bystander Effect (Ch. 11)

Back 30

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness and emergency, the lesss likely any one of them is to help

Front 31

Pluralistic Ignorance (Ch. 11)

Back 31

Bystanders' assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned

Front 32

Diffusion of Responsibility (Ch. 11)

Back 32

The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

Front 33

Aggression (Ch. 12)

Back 33

Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person

Front 34

Hositle Aggression (Ch. 12)

Back 34

Aggression stemming form feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

Front 35

Instrumental Aggression (Ch. 12)

Back 35

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Front 36

Eros (Ch. 12)

Back 36

The instinct toward life, posited by Freud

Front 37

Thanatos (Ch. 12)

Back 37

According to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions

Front 38

Amygdala (Ch. 12)

Back 38

An area in the core of the brain that is associated with aggressive behaviors

Front 39

Serotonin (Ch. 12)

Back 39

A chemical in the brain that may inhibit aggressive impulses

Front 40

Testosterone (Ch. 12)

Back 40

A hormone associated with aggression

Front 41

Frustration-Aggression Theory (Ch. 12)

Back 41

The idea that frustration- the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal- increases the probability of an aggressive response

Front 42

Aggressive Stimulus (Ch. 12)

Back 42

An object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression

Front 43

Social Learning Theory (Ch. 12)

Back 43

The idea that we learn social behavior by observing others and imitating them

Front 44

Scripts (Ch. 12)

Back 44

Ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture

Front 45

Catharsis (Ch. 12)

Back 45

The notion that "blowing off steam" -by performing an aggressive act, watching oters engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression- relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior

Front 46

Prejudice (Ch. 13)

Back 46

A hostile or negative ATTITUDE toward a distinguishable group of people, based soley on their membership in that group

Front 47

Stereotype (Ch. 13)

Back 47

A generalization about a group of people in which identical chracteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members (COGNITION)

Front 48

Discrimination (Ch. 13)

Back 48

Unjustified negative or harmful BEHAVIOR toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group

Front 49

Out-Group Homogeneity (Ch. 13)

Back 49

The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well as more similar than the memebers of the in-group are

Front 50

Illusionary Correlation (Ch. 13)

Back 50

The tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated

Front 51

Ultimate Attribution Error (Ch. 13)

Back 51

The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

Front 52

Fundamental Attribution Error (Ch. 13)

Back 52

To leap to the conclusion that a person's behavior is due to some aspect of his or her personality rather than to some aspect of the situation

Front 53

Stereotype Threat (Ch. 13)

Back 53

The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

Front 54

Blaming the Victim (Ch. 13)

Back 54

The tendancy to blame individuals for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

Front 55

Self-Fufilling Prophecy (Ch. 13)

Back 55

The case whereby people:
1. have an expectation about what another person is like which,
2. influences how they act toward that person, which
3. causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people's original expectation

Front 56

Realistic Conflict Theory (Ch. 13)

Back 56

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

Front 57

Scapegoating (Ch. 13)

Back 57

The tendancy for individuals, when frusterated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless

Front 58

Institutionalized Racism (Ch. 13)

Back 58

Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and disrimination are the norm

Front 59

Institutionalized Sexism (Ch. 13)

Back 59

Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm

Front 60

Normative Conformity (Ch. 13)

Back 60

The tendancy to go along with teh group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance

Front 61

Modern Racism (Ch. 13)

Back 61

Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaing prejudiced attitudes

Front 62

Mutual Interdependence (Ch. 13)

Back 62

The situation that exists when two ro more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them

Front 63

Jigsaw Classroom (Ch. 13)

Back 63

A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in theg roup to learn the course amterial and do will in the class