Social Psychology Midterm

Front 1

spotlight effect

Back 1

The belief that others are
paying more attention to
one’s appearance and
behavior than they really are.

Front 2

illusion of transparency

Back 2

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

Front 3

self concept

Back 3

A person answers to the question "Who am I?"

Front 4

self-schema

Back 4

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

Front 5

possible selves

Back 5

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

Front 6

social comparison

Back 6

Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing onesseld with others

Front 7

social comparison

Back 7

Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

Front 8

individualism

Back 8

The concepts of giving priority to one's own goals over groups goals and defining one' identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Front 9

collectivism

Back 9

Giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

Front 10

interdependent self

Back 10

Constructing one's identity in relation to others

Front 11

planning fallacy

Back 11

The tendencey to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

Front 12

Impact bias

Back 12

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

Front 13

immune neglect

Back 13

The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of "psychological immune system" which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen

Front 14

dual attitudes

Back 14

Differeing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice thhat forms new habits

Front 15

seelf-esteem

Back 15

a person's overall self evaluation or sense of self worth

Front 16

self-efficacy

Back 16

A sense that is one competent and effective distinguished from self-esteem , which is one's sens e of self worth. A bombardier might feel high self esteem

Front 17

locus of control

Back 17

The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside force

Front 18

learned helplessness

Back 18

The sense of helplessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

Front 19

self-serving bias

Back 19

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Front 20

self-serving attributions

Back 20

A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to other factors

Front 21

defensive pessimism

Back 21

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action

Front 22

false consensus effect

Back 22

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

Front 23

false uniqueness effect

Back 23

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

Front 24

group-serving bias

Back 24

Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group).

Front 25

self-handicapping

Back 25

Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

Front 26

self-presentation

Back 26

The act of expressing and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

Front 27

false consensus effect

Back 27

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

Front 28

false uniqueness effect

Back 28

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

Front 29

group-serving bias

Back 29

Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group).

Front 30

self-handicapping

Back 30

Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

Front 31

self-presentation

Back 31

The act of expressing and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

Front 32

self-monitering

Back 32

Being atttuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression

Front 33

priming

Back 33

Activating particular
associations in memory.

Front 34

belief perserverence

Back 34

Persistence of one’s initial
conceptions, as when the
basis for one’s belief is
discredited but an explanation of why the belief might
be true survives.

Front 35

misinformation effect

Back 35

Incorporating
“misinformation” into
one’s memory of the event,
after witnessing an event
and receiving misleading
information about it.

Front 36

controlled processing

Back 36

“Explicit” thinking that is
deliberate, reflective, and
conscious.

Front 37

automatic processing

Back 37

“Implicit” thinking that is
effortless, habitual, and
without awareness, roughly
corresponds to “intuition.”

Front 38

overconfidence phenomenon

Back 38

The tendency to be more
confident than correct—to
overestimate the accuracy of
one’s beliefs.

Front 39

confirmation bias

Back 39

A tendency to search for
information that confirms
one’s preconceptions.

Front 40

heuristic

Back 40

A tendency to search for
information that confirms
one’s preconceptions.

Front 41

representativeness heuristic

Back 41

The tendency to presume,
sometimes despite contrary
odds, that someone or
something belongs to a
particular group if resembling
(representing) a typical
member.

Front 42

availability heuristic

Back 42

A cognitive rule that judges
the likelihood of things in
terms of their availability
in memory. If instances of
something come readily to
mind, we presume it to be
commonplace.

Front 43

counter factual thinkinhg

Back 43

Imagining alternative
scenarios and outcomes that
might have happened, but
didn’t.

Front 44

illusory correlation

Back 44

Perception of a relationship
where none exists, or
perception of a stronger
relationship than actually
exists.

Front 45

illusion of control

Back 45

Perception of uncontrollable
events as subject to
one’s control or as more
controllable than they are.

Front 46

regression toward the average

Back 46

The statistical tendency for
extreme scores or extreme
behavior to return toward
one’s average.

Front 47

misattribution

Back 47

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

Front 48

attribution theory

Back 48

The theory of how people
explain others’ behavior—for
example, by attributing it
either to internal dispositions
(enduring traits, motives,
and attitudes) or to external
situations.

Front 49

dispositional attribution

Back 49

Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits

Front 50

situational attribution

Back 50

Attributing behavior to the environment

Front 51

spontaneous trait inference

Back 51

An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior

Front 52

fundamental
attribution error

Back 52

The tendency for observers
to underestimate situational
influences and overestimate
dispositional influences
upon others‘ behavior. (Also
called correspondence bias,
because we so often see
behavior as corresponding to
a disposition.)

Front 53

self-awareness

Back 53

A self-conscious state in
which attention focuses on
oneself. It makes people
more sensitive to their own
attitudes and dispositions.

Front 54

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 54

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Front 55

behavioral confirmation

Back 55

A type of self-fulfilling
prophecy whereby people’s
social expectations lead
them to behave in ways that
cause others to confirm their
expectations.

Front 56

attitude

Back 56

A favorable or unfavorable
evaluative reaction toward
something or someone (often
rooted in one’s beliefs, and
exhibited in one’s feelings
and intended behavior).

Front 57

implicit association test (IAT)

Back 57

A computer-driven
assessment of implicit
attitudes. The test uses
reaction times to measure
people’s automatic
associations between attitude
objects and evaluative
words. Easier pairings
(and faster responses) are
taken to indicate stronger
unconscious associations.

.

Front 58

role

Back 58

A set of norms that defines
how people in a given social
position ought to behave.

Front 59

foot-in-the-door
phenomenon

Back 59

The tendency for people who
have first agreed to a small
request to comply later with a
larger request.

Front 60

low-ball technique

Back 60

A tactic for getting people to
agree to something. People
who agree to an initial
request will often still comply
when the requester ups the
ante. People who receive
only the costly request are
less likely to comply with it.

Front 61

cognitive dissonance

Back 61

Tension that arises when one
is simultaneously aware of
two inconsistent cognitions.
For example, dissonance
may occur when we realize
that we have, with little
justification, acted contrary
to our attitudes or made
a decision favoring one
alternative despite reasons
favoring another.

Front 62

insufficient justification

Back 62

Reduction of dissonance by
internally justifying one’s
behavior when external
justification is “insufficient.”

Front 63

self-perception theory

Back 63

The theory that when we are
unsure of our attitudes, we
infer them much as would
someone observing us, by
looking at our behavior and
the circumstances under
which it occurs.

Front 64

over justification effect

Back 64

The result of bribing people
to do what they already like
doing; they may then see
their actions as externally
controlled rather than
intrinsically appealing.

Front 65

self-affirmation theory

Back 65

A theory that (a) people often
experience a self-image
threat, after engaging in an
undesirable behavior; and
(b) they can compensate by
affirming another aspect of
the self. Threaten people’s
self-concept in one domain,
and they will compensate
either by refocusing or by
doing good deeds in some
other domain.

Front 66

Charles H. Cooley

Back 66

The looking-glass self, described our
how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.

Front 67

George Herbert Mead

Back 67

that what
matters for our self-concepts is not how others actually see us but the way we imagine they see us.