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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

William James’s (1890) two aspects of the self


  • The “I” self
- The self as an agent; the self as the “knower”

- Can’t introspect on most “I” processes





  • The “me” self
- The self as an object that we can reflect on; the self as the “known”

- Represents knowledge about ourselves


- The term “self-concept” usually refers to the “me” self

Self-content/self-structure


  • What is the self?
  • List of attributes related to the self
  • Sometimes called the “reflexive self”
  • How do we categorize different aspects of ourselves?

Interpersonal self

  • Attitudes toward the self (e.g., self-esteem)
  • How am I related to others?
  • What do others think of me?

Executive self

How do I choose between alternatives?

Endowment effect

we value things more simply because they belong to us

Name-letter effect

we prefer the letters in our names, especially our initials

Self-reference effect

we have better memory for things that relate to ourselves

Self-Concept


  • Who you (think you) are
  • Sum total of a person’s thoughts and feelings that defines the self as an object (the “me” self)
  • Situationally dependent

Self-Structure


  • People define themselves in terms of different roles.
- “Self-aspects” or “working self-concepts”

Multiple Selves


  • Besides who we currently are, we hold self-concepts of possible selves
  • A possible self can be who we want to be (desired selves) or who we ought to be (ought selves)
  • Related to mood, action, goals, etc.

How is self-content measured?


  • Ask people to list their traits and identities
- “Twenty Statements Test”
  • Ask friends/family to describe the participant
- “Third- party” Twenty Statements Test

Introspection


  • looking inside oneself to access information about the self

- Difficult and often incorrect

“Affective forecasting”

Predicting how you will feel about a good or bad event in the future

Gilbert et al. (1998)


  • Voters predicted they would be very unhappy a month after the election if their candidate lost
  • But they actually were just as happy then as they were right after voting
  • “Durability/impact bias”: we overestimate the strength and duration of our emotional reactions (especially negative emotions)
  • “Immune neglect”: we underestimate our resilience

Self-perception

We infer our own attitudes and feelings from attributions of our own behavior

Self-perception theory (Bem, 1972)


  • We perceive our own behaviors, just as we perceive others’ behaviors
  • We then infer what we think or feel
  • “If I’m laughing, I must think it’s funny!”

Two-factor theory of emotion (Schachter & Singer, 1962)


  • Introspection -> self-perception
  • We notice an “arousal” (introspection)
  • We seek an attribution for it (self-perception)
- causes us to infer our current emotion

Interpersonal Self


  • We have selves to help us interact with other people
  • Having a self enables us to predict how other people will treat us

Looking Glass Self


  • We use others to help perceive ourselves
  • We see ourselves as a reflection of how others see us (Cooley, 1902)
  • We come to know ourselves by imagining what others think of us, then incorporating these perceptions into our self-concept (Mead, 1934)

Self-presentation

trying to convey specific information about the self to others

Self-Handicapping

To help make favorable impressions, people sometimes deliberately put barriers in their way

Self-Esteem

How we feel about ourselves

State self-esteem

A state of mind that fluctuates

Global self-esteem

Relatively stable across self-concepts and time

Sociometer Hypothesis
Leary (1990)


  • Why are we so motivated to care about our self-esteem?
  • State self-esteem is an internal, subjective marker of the degree to which the individual is being included or excluded by other people
  • The motivation to maintain self-esteem serves to protect the individual against social rejection and exclusion
  • Threats to self-esteem are events that make the possibility of social exclusion salient (i.e., make us aware of this possibility)

Better than average effect

We see ourselves as “better than average” on any attribute that is subjective, socially desirable, and common

Executive self

Self’s ability to make decisions, initiate actions, and exert control over the environment

Balance theory


  • Balance exists when we agree with people we like
  • and when we disagree with people we dislike

Three possible responses to imbalance


  1. Change your attitude toward the object
  2. Change your attitude toward the person
  3. Try to change the other person’s attitude (this is persuasion!)

Persuasion

the process of trying to change someone else’s attitude by means of a direct message or communication

Source factors

Expertise, trustworthiness, celebrity status, likability, attractiveness, multiple sources

Message factors

Length, repetition, vividness, imagery, humor, self-referencing, emotion

Recipient factors

Positive mood (e.g., make people happy, or market in places that make people happy)

What determines the route?

- Recipient’s motivation and ability to think carefully

Motivation


  • Personal relevance / involvement
  • Accountability
  • Need for cognition

Ability

  • Intelligence / domain-specific knowledge
  • Distraction, time pressure
  • Message complexity