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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to Raven, which of the following is a source of power? a. Cathartic b. Collectivist c. Heuristic d. Referent |
d. Referent |
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You would be more likely to believe a sleep physiologist than your teenage cousin that you could get by with half the hours of sleep than you do now. This is because the physiologist has: a. referent power b. coercive power c. reward power d. expert power |
d. expert power |
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How does Raven (1965) describe reward power? a. The ability to threaten punishment b. Access to sufficient funds to bribe people to obey c. The ability to give or promise rewards for compliance d. The good buzz that a leader feels when followers do what they are told. |
c. The ability to give or promise rewards for compliance |
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Compliance refers to: a. a transitory change in behaviour and expressed attitudes b. a subjective acceptance of a norm c. an internal and enduring change in behaviour and attitudes d. conversion to another point of view |
a. a transitory change in behaviour and expressed attitudes |
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Which of the following are characteristics of a reference group? a. Reference groups are psychologically significant for a person's attitudes and behaviour. b. Reference groups are based on objective criteria. c. Reference groups can have a negative effect on a person's sense of membership. d. Reference groups can have a positive effect on a person's sense of membership. |
a. Reference groups are psychologically significant for a person's attitudes and behaviour. c. Reference groups can have a negative effect on a person's sense of membership. d. Reference groups can have a positive effect on a person's sense of membership. |
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In Milgram's obedience studies, which variable was a reminder to participants that the victim was clearly a human being? a. Peer pressure b. The power of the experimenter c. The proximity of the victim to the participant d. A social norm |
c. The proximity of the victim to the participant |
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In Milgram's experiments, which of the following conditions caused participants to refuse to obey at all? a. When the 'teacher' had to hold the victim's hand down onto the electrode to get the shock b. When no orders were given at all and 'teachers' were free to choose when to stop. c. When the experimenter gave the directions over the phone. d. None of the options provided |
d. None of the options provided |
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Milgram's studies of destructive obedience were influenced by the publications of both Solomon Asch and Hannah Arendt. True or False |
True |
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A major contribution of Milgram's obedience research was that it: a. investigated variations on just one factor that influenced obedience b. had to be revised to make Milgram's later studies ethically sound c. demonstrated obedience under conditions with significant consequences for participants and the 'victim' d. confirmed what experts on human behaviour had predicted about obedience to an authority figure |
c. demonstrated obedience under conditions with significant consequences for participants and the 'victim' |
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When Lewin asked housewives to eat more kidney and hearts to conserve other forms of meat, he found that a convincing strategy was to: a. allow them to establish a group norm by consensus b. just tell them what to do c. subtly introduce a minority influence d. provide them with information about vitamins |
a. allow them to establish a group norm by consensus |
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Which one of the following was NOT a feature of the experimental procedure by Asch (1951) in his conformity studies? a. All members of the group actually called their responses out loud. b. A computer program was used to suggest that the individual was opposed by a majority of other people c. Students participated in what they thought was a visual discrimination task d. On some occasions the majority appeared to agree with the naive participant |
b. A computer program was used to suggest that the individual was opposed by a majority of other people |
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Deutsch and Gerard (1955) found that conformity to group pressure was lowest when: a. the individual was with others who had been encouraged to be accurate as a group b. the stimulus used was removed before a judgement was required c. the individual responded privately and anonymously d. all individuals responded face-to-face |
c. the individual responded privately and anonymously |
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According to experimental data, which ONE of the following variables has only a minor effect on overall conformity rates? a. The degree of unanimity in the majority b. Gender in interaction with sex-stereotype tasks c. Increasing the size of the majority d. IQ scores |
d. IQ scores |
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Consider this case: Jerry is in a small group, all wearing headphones, that needs to agree about a controversial issue that they have just listened to. Jerry thinks the opinion of most of the others are wrong - except for Herbert, who agrees with Jerry's point of view. The trouble is, Herbert is deaf. What is likely to happen? a. Jerry will agree with the majority rather than be caught in a minority along with Herbert b. Jerry is more likely to disagree with the majority, given that he has Herbert's support. c. Jerry will just do what he was going to do anyway, regardless of Herbert d. The group could well try to turn Herbert around, and then try to persuade Jerry to their point of view. |
b. Jerry is more likely to disagree with the majority, given that he has Herbert's support. |
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According to experimental data across experimental studies of conformity, which one of the following variables has been shown to have only a minor effect on overall conformity rates? a. Intelligence as measured on an IQ test b. Gender in interaction with sex-stereotype tasks c. The degree of unanimity in the majority d. An increase in the size of the majority |
a. Intelligence as measured on an IQ test |
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In the context of social influence, to what does the term frame of reference refer? a. Extreme and contradictory opinions expressed in a group b. The way other people provide us with a range of possible attitudes and behaviours c. Explicit rules that forbid inappropriate behaviours in a group d. The roles that people play in a certain context |
b. The way other people provide us with a range of possible attitudes and behaviours |
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Stella has noticed that she conforms more to a group's opinions when men are also in the group. Being a social psychology student, she has now found out that the most likely reason is that: a. Women don't talk enough in a group b. The number of persons in a group is too large in relation to an individual's gender c. Men talk too much in a group d. The topic of discussion is sex-stereotyped |
d. The topic of discussion is sex-stereotyped |
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Lewin's study of group meetings of housewives, who discussed recipes for eating offal, became a setting in which: a. a group norm developed b. a new advertisement strategy was put in place c. the level of the participant's health consciousness was raised d. the women became creative in their cooking |
a. a group norm developed |
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Tom entered an elevator in which several people were already present. When it moved off, the others turned to face the rear wall. Tom wondered why they did this, and then turned to do the same. This is a real-life example of ___. |
Conformity |
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Sherif conducted his classic study on the formation of group norms using an illusion based on telekinesis. True or False |
False |
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Conforming to a group norm to provide definition of oneself as a group member is referred to as: a. normative influence b. the metacontrast principle c. informational influence d. referent informational influence |
d. referent informational influence |
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Conformity bias is a term coined by Moscovici to highlight how: a. group pressure biases the individual towards accepting the majority view b. how early studies of male-female differences in conformity was confounded with sex-stereotyped tasks c. traditional social psychology studied only the influence of majorities, not minorities d. all of the above |
c. traditional social psychology studied only the influence of majorities, not minorities |
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According to Moscovici's _____, minorities have a good chance to induce social change and win a majority over by creating social conflict. a. emergent norm theory b. 'genetic' model c. persuasive arguments theory d. one-shot dependence model |
b. 'genetic' model |
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Minorities can be more effective as a source of social change if they are perceived as: a. very extreme in their views b. changing their point of view from time to time c. having invested considerable sacrifices for their cause d. being totally flexible. |
c. having invested considerable sacrifices for their cause |
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Majorities can achieve compliance by being a source of normative influence. With respect to social influence in general, how are minorities quite different? a. Majorities and minorities are actually not different in terms of the kind of influence they exert. b. By producing a dramatic change in the viewpoint of a majority c. By having a different kind of leader d. By being a source of informational influence |
b. By producing a dramatic change in the viewpoint of a majority |
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In the 1970s and 1980s, the European social psychologist _____ conducted seminal research showing that minorities can exert considerable influence in bringing about social change. |
Moscovici |
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Which of the following are instances of social influence modalities that Moscovici used to define how people respond to social conflict? a. Innovation b. Conformity c. Normalisation d. Conversion |
a. Innovation b. Conformity c. Normalisation |
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According to Moscovici, when a member of a majority shows a private change in opinion, we have a ____ effect. |
Conversion |
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Minority influence towards a majority is more potent when: a. it is not organised b. its leadership is seen as illegitimate c. it is not active d. the minority is seen as part of the ingroup |
d. the minority is seen as part of the ingroup |
