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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 things Freud drew attention to in Social Psychology |
Unconscious study Sexuality study Developmental aspects of personality Cures/therapy |
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The 3 sub-systems involved with unconscious conflict |
ID: Contains the immediate need for pleasure (i.e. eating, drinking, sleeping) EGO: Tries to satisfy the ID pragmatically in accordance to social normalities SUPEREGO: Acts as a moral policeman If societal 'rules' are broken, it dishes out punishment (e.g. anxiety, guilt) Most powerful, always suppresses ID temporarily |
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5 defence mechanisms |
Displacement: Impulses redirected to safer course Rationalisation: Impulses break through into consciousness Reaction formation: Original wish replaced with opposite Projection: Urges projected onto others Isolation: Awareness of memories, but not the emotions that match |
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Origins of unconscious conflicts (As children grow older, pleasure is achieved through different body areas) |
0-2: Oral 2-4: Anal 4-6: Phallic 6-12: Latency 12+: Genital (Most important stage, according to Freud is phallic stage) |
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What is castration anxiety? |
When a boy wants to sexually possess mother, hates father. He fears his father will find out and castrate him. Eventually he gives up and decides to become like his dad. |
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What is the electra complex? |
Girl realises she ain't got no willy Fears she's already been castrated Develops penis envy Turns sexual attention to father, hates mother Resolved by identifying with mother |
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Difficulties of unconscious conflict stages which can lead to later problems |
Oral stage: Smoking, thumb-sucking Anal stage: Won't spend money, obstinate (stubbornness) Phallic stage: Castration anxiety, lead to homosexuality? |
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Problems with Freud |
Concepts are basically metaphors Never actually studied children Little supporting evidence Most evidence refutes completely Data more appropriately explained through other processes |
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5 perspectives on Social Psychology |
Cognitive: Emphasis on how our perception affects our behaviour Learning: Emphasis on principles of reinforcement and imitation Motivational: Emphasis on basic human needs
Cultural: Emphasis on how culture affect social behaviour |
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4 levels of analysing Social Psychology |
Intra-personal: What goes on inside the person Inter-personal: Based on relations between 2 people Inter-group: Based on group level behaviour Societal level: Cultural effects on behaviour |
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3 components of an attitude |
Cognitive Affective Behavioural |
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The Bogus Pipeline |
A fake lie detector machine to receive true answers Faranda et. al (1979) assessed attitudes towards women's rights, both men and women responded positively When men were hooked up to the machine, they revealed their true attitudes, which were much less sympathetic |
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EMG (Electromyography) |
Measured attitudes, then presented videos which either supported or disagreed with these attitudes Facial muscles associated with happiness and anger, moved when video supported and disagreed with attitudes respectively. |
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The Lost Letter technique |
Pretended to lost a stamped and addressed letter in large American cities Number of letters returned served as an indicator of attitudes |
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Source of controversy - Lapiere 1934 |
Investigated relationship between racist attitudes and behaviour Toured with chinese couple, was only rejected service once 92% of places said they WOULDN'T accomodate them |
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Kelley and Mirer 1974 - found strong relations between attitudes and behaviour |
85% of people voted for presidents in their line with previous expressed attitudes |
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Theory of reasoned action |
The intention to behave The consequences of behaviour |
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Attitude resilience |
We are not at the mercy of those who would seek to influence us One way to avoid attitude change is the rehersal of a counter argument |
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Measurement of attributions (Heider 1985) |
Internal <--------> External Stable <----------> Unstable Controllable <--------> Uncontrollable |
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Consequences of attributions |
Couples in marital distress attribute their partners negative behaviours as internal characteristics Frey and Rogner (1987) found that: People who thought they were to blame for an accident spent 30 days in the hospital, whereas people who didn't think they were to blame only spent 20 |
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Optimistic and Pessimistic attributional styles |
Optimistic: Acceptance that both good and bad things happen in life, no point beating ones' self up over it Pessimistic: Blames ones' self for the bad things that happen in life |
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How is Proximity and Propinquity linked? |
Bond between people is relative to the living distance between them |
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Mere exposure effect |
Robert Zajonc, found that repeated exposure to a stimulus makes it more appealing |
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Negative proximity |
If the original interaction is negative, then the dislike will occur with repeated experiences |
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Dutton and Aaron (1974) |
Emotional arousal linked to physical attractiveness Electric shock anticipation study Narrow bridge crossing study |
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Walster et. al |
Found that the more attractive you are, the more you are liked by your blind date |
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Buss (1997) |
90% of mean when approached by an attractive woman, would agree to sex Only 10% of women when approached by an attractive man would agree |
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Benefits to attractiveness |
Adults less aggressive to attractive children More likely to be hired for jobs More likely to receive better grades in school |
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Loneliness |
Lonely people can feel distressed, bored and even depressed An effective 'cure' is picking up a hobby, work, or studying Those who were lonely due to negative characteristics such as shyness or unattractiveness found it more difficult to overcome |
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What is Social Facilitation? |
How the physical presence of others influence our behaviour |
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Drive Theory of Facilitation |
The presence of others leads to increased arousal Arousal strengthens the display of our dominant response Our performance is enhanced if our dominant response is appropriate. It is impaired if the response is inappropriate |
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Michaels et. al (1982) - Pool player's |
Investigated accuracy in the presence of others. Found that the accuracy of good players increased from 71% to 80% Found that the accuracy of bad players decreased from 35% to 25% |
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Diffusion of Responsibility |
Idea that as group size increases, individual responsibility decreases Kitty Genovese - 38 people watched her struggle for 30 minutes before being murdered. None helped or reported to the police |
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Deindividuation theory |
When people are surrounded by others they can lose self-awareness and feel anonymous When aroused, the loss in self-awareness works to disinhibit the impulses which are normally kept under check e.g. Masked revellers may drink to much, Members of a lynch mob may resort to killing/torturing |
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Conformity |
A group of people is more likely to have an influence on others, as opposed to just one person |
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Asch |
1 bonafide person in a group experiment, the rest confederates Results showed that 75% of people went along with the majority, even when they were completely right |
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Obedience to Authority - Milgram |
Each time the pupil made a mistake they were given a fake electric shock Experimenter was made to finish the experiment even after the pupil complained of a heart attack then went silent 66% of people finished the experiment |
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What is prejudice? |
A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience (usually negative) |
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Authoritarian personaility |
A personality type - overly respectful and polite to those in authority, whilst acting hostile to those perceived as inferior |
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Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT) |
Attitudes and behaviour of members of an ingroup towards an outgroup will reflect the objective interests of the ingroup 2 implicit assumptions: - If the interests of the groups coincide, then the relations between the groups will be harmonious - If these is a conflict of interests, then the groups will be hostile |
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SHERIF'S field experiments |
Boys aged 12 in a summer camp Stage 1: Normal camp activities (bush walking, canoeing, etc.) - harmony between groups
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Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) |
Attempt to make an 'empty environment', where variables would be added which would elicit discrimination |
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Social Identity Theory |
Believes important part of ourselves is tied up in social groups Assumes people are motivated to evaluate their selves positively Comparisons in favour of the in-group and out-group lead to positive and negative self esteem respectively |