Social Psychology

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Social Psychology

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Looks at our interactions with each other within a social context. We try to understand behavior within the social context.

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Social Behavior: Interaction with people

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- Aggression
- Cooperation

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Cooperation: Prisoner's Dilemma

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People do not cooperate. They are only out to help themselves

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Altruism

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Selflessness. Unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others

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Group Behavior

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Bystander Effect: As group number increases the likelihood of helping others decreases.

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Attraction

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- Situational Factors
- Physical Factors
- Psychological Factors
- Who do we like?
- Reward Theory of Attraction

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Reward Theory of Attraction

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We stay in relationships when the rewards outweigh the punishments (more positive than negative)
- The Exception: Battered Wife Syndrome

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Social Influence: Social Norms

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Expectations about what's acceptable for memebers of a given group

- Norm of reciprocity

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Norm of Reciprocity

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Returning favors - Why do we help people? So they will help us later.

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Conformity

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When people adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other memebers in a group

- The chameleon effect

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Asch Effect

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Grou majority influences individual judgements of unambiguous stimuli

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Influences on conformity

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- size of majority
- presence of a dissenting opinion

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Obedience to Authority

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- Stanley Milgram
- Shock generator experiment
- 65% went to maximum voltage

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Factors affecting obedience to authority

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- When a peer modeled compliance ( you will do it if someone else does it)

- When the victim is remote

- When the subject was under direct surveillance

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Consistency

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- You want consistency
- Foot-in-the-door technique
- Cognitive dissonance (you have two conflicting thoughts. you will change what you think to eliminate dissonance)

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Stanford Prison Experiment

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- Example of system power
- Randomly split students into roles of guard and prisoner
- After the two weeks they stopped the experiment because the guards started to become aggressive just by wearing the uniform)

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Social Cognition

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The way we think/feel about each other

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Stereotype Threat

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Negative effect on performance when people become aware that their membership is expected to perform poorly in that area

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Attributions

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Where do we put the cause?

-self-serving bias
- dispositional forces
- situational forces

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Dispositional Forces

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The kind of person you are (something about yoru personality)

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Situational Forces

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Not about you the person, but about the situation you're in (based on your environment)

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Attitudes

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- Prejudice
- Discrimination

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Prejudice

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Feeling! - Negative feeling, beliefs, thoughts, and or attitudes

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Discrimination

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Action! - Negative actions based on a prejudicial thought

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Factors affecting prejudice

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- Dissimilarity
- Economic Competition
- Social Norms
- Media Stereotypes
- Dehumanization

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Persuasion

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Get someone to do something

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Persuasion: Central Route

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Specific

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Persuasion: Peripheral Route

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Going around the issue

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Psychopathology

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Pattern of Emotions, behaviors, or thoughts that are inappropriate to the situation, cause personal distress, and prevent the achievement of important goals

- Most disordesr are an exaggeration of normal responses

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Views of psychopathology

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Medical Model
Psychological View

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Psychopathology: Medical Model

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Curable illness and it is cured through meds

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Psychopathology: Psychological Model

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Combination of factors - a lot of things coming together

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Indications of abnormality

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- Deviance
- Distress
- Dysfunction
- Danger

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Classification

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DSM - IV

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Diathesis-Stress Model

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- Explains the role of nature and nurture in the development of a disorder
- Genetic factor puts person at risk for developing the disorder
- Environmental stressor turns the potential into an actual disorder

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Mood Disorders

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- Depression
- Dysthymia
- SAD
- Bipolar Disorder

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Anxiety Disorders

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- GAD ("free floating anxiety")
- Panic Disorder
- Phobic Disorder
- OCD

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Somatoform Disorders

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Complaints of bodily illness with no physical injury
- Conversion Disorder
- Hypochondriasis

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Schizophrenia

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Common Symptoms:
- Delusions (Distortion of thoughts - paranoia)
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized Speech
- Negative Symptoms

- Many types of schizophrenia

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Developmental Disorders

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- Autism (Social interaction deficits)
- ADHD (Commonly mislabeled and mistreated)
- Dyslexia (Any reading difficulty/disability)

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Therapeutic Alliance

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Client and therapist working together towards a common goal

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Psychological (insight) therapies

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- Freudian Psychoanalysis
- Behavioral
- Operant
- Cognitive
- Behaviroal-Cognitive
- Group

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Freudian Psychoanalysis

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- Free association (release conflicts and memories from unconscious)
- Dream analysis
Resistance
- Transference

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Behavioral Therapies

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- Classical conditioning therapies

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Behavioral: Classical conditioning therapies

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- conditioned responses
- systematic dsesensitization
- exposure therapy
- aversion therapy

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Cognitive Therapies

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ATTACK! Used with depression very effectively. Breaks down client's irrational thoughts. Cognitive restructuring

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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

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Dual approach (irrational thoughts often coincide with maladaptive behaviors). Eliminates the "should" There is transparaency between clinician and client

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Client-Centered Therapy

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- Carl Rogers
- Reflection of feeling (paraphrase/capture emotional tone)
- Three qualities (congruence, empathy, unconditional positive regard!)

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Biomedical Therapies

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Effect the brain!
- Treat disorders by changing the brain chemistry (drugs), brain circuitry (surger), brain patters of activity (electroshock and magnetism)

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Drug Therapy

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- Antipsychotics for schizophrenia
- anti-anxiety
- anti- depressants
- mood stabilizers for bipolar disorders

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Psychosurgery

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Lobotomy

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Brain Stimulation Therapy

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ECT "shock therapy"
Magnetic Therapy

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What is effective?

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- One is better than none
- Combo is best for most
- Psychological therapy is best for problems of living