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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Natural Selection
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the evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches
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Evolutionary Psychology
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uses the principles of natural selection to formulate and test hypotheses about human nature and behavior
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Traditional Social Psychology
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assumes that humans are blank slates- all purpose learners with little "pre-installed software"
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Cross-cultural Psychology
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agrees with blank slate idea and finds that people are much more different than previously believed because of culture
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Gender differences
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independence vs. connectedness, social dominance, aggression, sexuality
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Evolutionary explanation of gender differences
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sexual selection (the process by which gender differences evolve due to within-sex competition) created different male and female minds
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Socialization explanation of gender differences
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Gender differences are learned, not innate, through role-socialization. In every culture, men are socialized to be assertive providers, and women submissive care-takers.
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Buss' studies of mating preferences
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in every culture, women preferred older men with resources, status, and maturity. men preferred younger women with looks and health.
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norms
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standards for accepted and expected behavior - prescribe "proper" behavior.
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personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies - depends on familiarity of person
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gender
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in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
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empathy
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the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes
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interaction
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a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)
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androgynous
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mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics
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parental investment theory
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females select males in part based on their abilities to contribute resources.
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altruism
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a motive to increase another welfare without regard for one's self interests
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egoism
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an assumed underlying ever-present motive to increase one's own welfare
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social exchange theory
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an egoistic theory which says all human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs
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batson's model of genuine altruism
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you reduce shocks and have empathy when told person is similar to you somehow (not true altruism, you're helping yourself
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reciprocity norm
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says we should help those who have helped or will help us (culturally learned)
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social-responsibility norm
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says we should help anyone who needs it (culturally learned)
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kin-selection
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by helping relatives we help our own genes - explains self sacrifice by ants bees etc.
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reciprocal altruism
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helping others with the understood assumption they will help you back
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bystander effect
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the more bystanders there are the less likely any will help a victim - diffusion of responsibility
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L&D
Notice the indident |
failure to notice b/c of time pressure/distractedness
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L&D
Interpret incident as emergency |
failure to interpret b/c others seem unconcerned (informational influence) or one doesn't want to stand out (normative influence)
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L&D
assume responsibility for helping |
failure b/c of social loafing, dear of being hurt, lack of empathy, desensitization.
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effects of positive mood on helping
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people are more likely to help if they are in a good mood (primed with compliments, cookies etc)
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effects of negative mood on helping
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guilt/blows to self esteem - yes. anger depression, grief - no.
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ways of increasing helping behavior
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create empathy for victim, guilt for not helping, door in the face (big favor first), model altruism, educate about social psych findings
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normative influence
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don't want to stand out
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informational influence
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don't want to be wrong
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personality traits that influence helping
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empathy, self-monitoring, religiosity
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cheater detection mechanism
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helps reciprocal altruists keep from being taken advantage of
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social capital
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the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network
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moral exclusion
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the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness
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overjustification effect
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the result of bribing peole to do what they already like doing.
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conflict
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perceived incompatibility of actions or goals (zero-sum game)
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zero-sum games
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incompatibility of actions/goals
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non-zero-sum game
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goals only partially conflict - social dilemma
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prisoner's dilemma
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if both people cooperate, less sentencing for both - trust
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give-some games
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people don't give enough to a common resource
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take-some games
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people take too much from a common resource
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tragedy of the commons
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some (or all) keep taking a little more than their share, until the common resource disappears
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ways of inducing cooperation in social dilemma
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eliminate threats and the capacity to make threats, top down regulation - laws, ensure open and honest communication, change the payoff matrix (offer incentives - carpool lane), make appeals to altruistic norms - social responsibility, create group identity/sense of belonging
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tit for tat strategy
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1. start off cooperating
2. punish if taken advantage of 3. forgive when other repents best you can do it tie |
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cooperator
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goal=maximize joint outcome (non-zero-sum assumption)
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individualist
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goal=maximize self outcome. (zero-sum assumption?)
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competitior
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goal=maximize difference between self and other (zero-sum assumption
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mirror-image misperceptions
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reciprocal views of each other often held in parties in conflict. for example, each may view itself as moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive.
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jigsaw technique
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each group only doing part of project, need to assemble together.
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bargaining
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seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties.
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mediation
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an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions.
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arbitration
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resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement.
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GRIT
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a strategy designed to deescalate international tensions
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peace
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a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial friendships
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social trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing its self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
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equal-status contact
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contact on a equal basis. just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status.
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superordinate goal
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a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort a goal that overrides peoples differences from one another.
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integrative agreements
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win-win agreements that reconcile both parties interests to their mutual benefit.
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problems with eyewtiness testimony
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witness's mis-encoding due to stress/wrong focus of attention/outgroup homogeneity, witness's mis-retrieval due to leading questions, jurors' inability to judge witnesses' accuracy or lying, problems and biases in line-up identifications
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problems with having accused face jury
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attractiveness and similarity
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problems occurring after jury is sequestered
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groupthink and normative influence
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reactance
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a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. arises when someone threatens our sense of freedom.
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SWB
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combination of high positive mood, high life satisfaction and low negative mood
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leading a virtuous life
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Happiness: adhering to society's vision of morality
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life satisfaction
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Happiness: having a positive cognitive evaluation of one's life as a whole.
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mood balance
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Happiness: having many positive moods and few negative moods.
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happiness and money
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within country, money has weak association with happiness, but between countries, high association
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can happiness be increased?
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very difficult: genetic set-point and hedonic treadmill
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social comparison
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evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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