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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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emergent properties of groups
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those behaviors that only surface when people are in groups
ppl do things in groups that they would never do alone ex: 49ers victory over bengals in superbowl |
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deindividuation
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the reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over people when they are in a large group.
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theoretical model of deindividuation
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antecedent conditions --> internal state (deindividuation) --> behavioral effects
antecedent conditions : anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, energizing effect of others, stimulus overload internal state : lessened self-observation and self-evaluation, lessened concern with the evaluations of others, weakening of internal controls (lessened concern with shame, guilt, fear, commitment) behavioral effects : impulsivity, irrationality, emotionality, antisocial activity |
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suicide baiting
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when someone is threatening to jump, and the mob encourages it.
increases with an increase in crowd size also increases with increase in time of day (<6pm vs >6pm) |
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conduct of war vs deindividuation
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strong correlation between deindividuation and aggressiveness in warfare
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individuation
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an enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values
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self awareness theory
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a theory that maintains that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values
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There is a (positive/negative) relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation
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negative
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alcohol (increases/decreases) self-consciousness
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decreases
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There are many contexts in which group decisions are (better/worse) than those rendered by individuals
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worse
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group think
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a kind of faulty thinking on the part of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus
ex: ill fated launches of space shuttles Challenger and Columbia |
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Antecedent conditions of Groupthink
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antecedent conditions : high cohesiveness, insulation of the group, lack of procedures for information search and appraisal, directive leadership, high stress with a low degree of hope for finding a better solution than one favored by the leader or other influential people
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Motivation for Groupthink
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motivation: concurrence-seeking
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Symptoms of Groupthink
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symptoms of groupthink : illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality of the group, stereotypes of outgroups, direct pressure on disse
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symptoms of defective decision making
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incomplete survey of objectives, incomplete survey of alternatives, poor information search, failure to examine risks of preferred choices, selective bias in processing information at hand, failure to reappraise alternatives, failure to work out contingency plans
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self-censorship
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the tendency to withhold information or opinions in group discussions
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ways to prevent groupthink
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1. leader refrains from making his opinions/preferences known at the beginning
2. making sure group is not cut out from outside input 3. designating one person in group to be devil's advocate |
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Group think is (higher/lower) in East Asian cultures
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higher
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risky shift
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tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would
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group polarization
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the tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals. whatever way the individuals are leaning, group discussion tends to make them lean further in that direction
net result is that group discussion tends to expose the average person to even more arguments in favor of the position that the average person was already inclined to take |
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social comparison theory
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a theory that maintains that when there isn't an objective standard of evaluation or comprehension, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others
ex: can i dunk a basketball? all you have to do is try however... am i a wimp? compare your actions to other peoples' actions |
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Group polarization is created in part because group discussion exposes members to a (greater/lesser) number of persuasive arguments in favor of the consensus opinion than they would have thought of themselves.
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greater
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People from cultures that place a high value on risk are (more/less) likely to make risky decisions after group discussion than people from cultures that do not value risk are highly
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more
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polarization is a particularly (common/uncommon) outcome in homogeneous groups
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common
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propinquity
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physical proximity
one thing that influences whether become friends or lovers |
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sociometric survey
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a survey that attempts to measure the interpersonal relationships in a group of people
ex: apartment buildings - survey to see who befriended whom & how much of an impact proximity had on it people who lived next door to one another were four times more likely to become friends people near stairwells formed twice as many friendships with upstairs neighbors as those living in the middle apartments |
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functional distance
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an architectural layout's tendency to encourage or inhibit certain activities, like contact between people
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Three reasons why proximity leads to friendship
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1. availability (simple contact)
2. tendency to be nice to those with whom we expect to have frequent encounters 3. comfort created by repeated exposure to a person |
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counterbalancing
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a methodological procedure used to ensure that any extraneous variable that might influence the dependent measure is distributed equally across experimental conditions.
do you like person a or person b better? half ppl are told they would meet person a, half ppl are told they would meet person b counterbalances the appeal of both ppl |
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mere exposure effect
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the finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus (obj or person) leads to a greater liking of the stimulus
ex: Zajonc (1968) - created a stimulus set of Turkish words that were set up to be seen by his participants 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25 times. The more times participants saw a given word, the more they assumed it referred to something good one reason : fluency second reason: classical conditioning. mere repeated exposure leads to attraction because it is reinforcing |
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fluency
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the experience of ease associated with perceiving and thinking.
this is one of two reasons why the mere exposure effect occurs |
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interracial and interethnic couples tend to be (less/more) similar to each other in terms of their personality traits than couples of the same race and ethnicity.
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more
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halo effect
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the common belief that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen - people who belie who believe that an attractive person possess certain desirable characteristics may act in ways that elicit those very characteristics
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mere exposure effect
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the finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus (obj or person) leads to a greater liking of the stimulus
ex: Zajonc (1968) - created a stimulus set of Turkish words that were set up to be seen by his participants 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25 times. The more times participants saw a given word, the more they assumed it referred to something good one reason : fluency second reason: classical conditioning. mere repeated exposure leads to attraction because it is reinforcing |
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fluency
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the experience of ease associated with perceiving and thinking.
this is one of two reasons why the mere exposure effect occurs |
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interracial and interethnic couples tend to be (less/more) similar to each other in terms of their personality traits than couples of the same race and ethnicity.
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more
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halo effect
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the common belief that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen - people who belie who believe that an attractive person possess certain desirable characteristics may act in ways that elicit those very characteristics
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three reasons why physical attractiveness have such impact?
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immediacy
prestige biology |
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immediacy (attractiveness)
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beauty is seen right away, so it's our first impression of them
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prestige (attractiveness)
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partner's looks often matter more in public than in private
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Biology (attractiveness)
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all cultures share roughly the same opinions of which faces (any race) they find attractive
we have evoluved to have a preference for people possessing physical features that signify health, or, more generally, "reproductive fitness" |
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reproductive fitness
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the capacity to get one's genes passed on to subsequent generations
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social exchange theory
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a theory based on the fact that there are costs and rewards in all relationships and that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards and the costs and rewards available to them in other relationships
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equity theory
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a theory that maintains that ppl are motivated to pursue fairness, or equity, in their relationships, with rewards and costs shared roughly equally among individuals
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social influence
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the myriad ways that ppl impact one another including changes in attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior, that result from the comments, actions, or even the mere presence of others
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conformity
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changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or implicit pressure (whether real or imagined) from others
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compliance
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responding favorably to an explicit request by another person
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obedience
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in an unequal power relationship, submitting to the demands of the more powerful person
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ideomotor action
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the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes its actual performance more likely
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what are the three types of social influence?
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conformity, compliance, obedience
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Three sources of conformity?
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automatic, informational social influence, normative social influence
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informational social influence
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they view the actions of others as informative about what is best to do
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normative social influence
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out of concern for the social consequences of their actions
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the (smaller/larger) the group size, the greater its influence
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larger
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__________ groups are far more effective than those with even a single other dissenter
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unanimous
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people from more interdependent cultures are (more/less) likely to conform than people from independent cultures
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more
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women are (less/more) likely to conform than men
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more
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the more difficult and ambiguous the task (as with the autokinetic experiment), the (greater/lesser) the conformity
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greater
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three task factors that affect conformity pressure
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how difficult and ambiguous the task is
whether the responses are anonymous or not when people have satisfying explanations of others' judgements, they are less affected by others' responses |
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__________ groups are far more effective than those with even a single other dissenter
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unanimous
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people from more interdependent cultures are (more/less) likely to conform than people from independent cultures
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more
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women are (less/more) likely to conform than men
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more
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the more difficult and ambiguous the task (as with the autokinetic experiment), the (greater/lesser) the conformity
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greater
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three task factors that affect conformity pressure
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how difficult and ambiguous the task is
whether the responses are anonymous or not when people have satisfying explanations of others' judgements, they are less affected by others' responses |
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characteristics of the group that affect conformity pressure
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size
unanimous or dissent? level of expertise and status of members |
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Stanley Milgram did many experiments on the study of _________.
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obedience
most people go along with seemingly harmful commands of an authority |
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participants in obedience experiments are caught in a conflict between which two opposing?
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normative social influence and moral imperatives. shifts toward normative social influences
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compliance with the requests of others may be elicited through two types of techniques
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reason-based techniques and emotion-based techniques
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emotion based approaches include
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getting target person in a good mood, which is likely to increase compliance because of mood maintenance and bcs of the influence of the good mood on how the request is interpreted
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autokinetic illusion
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the apparent motion of a stationary point of light in a completely darkened environment
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informational social influence
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the influence of other ppl that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or effective
ex : point of light...how much did it move? ppls answers converged toward group norm when ppl share their comments & opinions |
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normative social influence
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the influence of other ppl that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgements, and other social sanctions
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internalization (private acceptance)
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private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideology
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public compliance
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agreeing with someone or advancing a position in public, even if we continue to believe something else in private
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minorities often do have an influence, primarily through _________ social influence
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informational
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norm of reciprocity
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a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them
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door in the face technique (reciprocal concessions technique)
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asking someone for a very large favor that he or she will certainly refuse and then following that request with one for a more modest favor
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foot in the door technique
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a compliance technique in which one makes an initial small request to which nearly everyone complies, followed by a larger request involving the real behavior of interest
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negative state relief hypothesis
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the idea that people engage in certain actions, such as agreeing to a request, in order to relieve negative feelings and to feel better about themselves
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reactance theory
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the idea that people reassert their prerogatives in responses to the unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they believe their freedoms are threatened
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altruism
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unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self
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social rewards
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benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others
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experienced distress
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a motive for helping those in distress that may arise from a need to reduce our own distress
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empathic concern
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identifying with another person - feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing - accompanied by the intention to help the person in need
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bystander intervention
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helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening. by stander intervention is generally reduced as the number of observers increases, as each individual feels that someone else will probably help
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diffusion of responsibility
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a reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help
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pluralistic ignorance
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bystandards may do nothing if they are not sure what is happening and don't see anyone else helping
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reciprocal altruism
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the tendency to help others with the expectation that they are likely to help us in return at some future time.
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tit for tat strategy
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a strategy in which the individual's first move is cooperative and thereafter the individual mimics the other person's behavior, whether cooperative or competitive
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