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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What's most powerful predictor of friendship?
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Proximity- functional distance
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Functional distance
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How often people's paths cross.
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Why does proximity predict liking?
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1-Increases opportunity for interaction.
2-Anticipating interaction promotes liking. 3-Mere exposure promotes liking. |
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Explain study about liking and exposure.
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Subjects got a dossier of 2 people. Were told they would meet one of them after. Would consistently like the one they anticipated meeting.
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The more we are exposed to novel stimuli. But what are the qualifications?
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1.Works BEST when we are not aware of the exposure.
2.Exposure can't be continuous. 3.Doesn't work if we have a strong, pre-existing opinion. |
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Does physical attractiveness matter?
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Yes.
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Attractiveness and dating frequency.
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Attractiveness moderately predicts dating frequency. Slightly more for women than men.
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What is the matching phenomenon?
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-We tend to choose partners who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.
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What do 'less attractive' partners often do?
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Compensate, ex. by being wealthy.
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What is the physical attractiveness stereotype?
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-Presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits.
-Whatever is beautiful is good. -Whatever is ugly is bad. |
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Do opposites attract?
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no. Based on a lot of research.
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Do birds of a feather flock together?
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Yes.
Likeness begets liking. Dissimilarity breeds dislike. |
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Attribution
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Liking begets liking, if it's believable (not fake).
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Self-esteem and attraction.
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Low self-esteem increases our tendency to find others attractive. (rebound).
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Is love blind?
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No. We marry similar people.
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Passionate love
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Intense longing.
Ecstatic when we gain. Desolate when we loose. |
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Companionate love
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Deep, affectionate, attachment.
Affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined. |
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Two factor theory of emotion.
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arousal + label = emotion
-Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder. |
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Attachment styles:
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Secure.
Avoidant. - Dismissive (distrust of others) - Fearful (fear of rejection) Preoccupied -anxious, ambivalent, (indifferent or hostile) |
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As adults avoidant attached will be:
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short term relationships.
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As adults preoccupied attached will be:
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make-up/break-up cycle.
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Equity
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-Gains from the relationship should be equal to what's put in it.
-Long term relationships focus on long-term equity. |
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Disclosure reciprocity
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Tendency to match your disclosure with the other person's.
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Coping with a failing relationship. Three ways:
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-Loyalty. Stick it out and wait for things to improve.
-Neglect. Ignore problems, wait for deterioration. -Talking. Voice concerns, work to solve problems. |
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Why do we help- 3 theories
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Social Exchange
Social Norms Evolutionary theory |
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Altruism- Social Exchange theory
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Interactions are transactions that aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs. (nonconsciously)
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Is helping simply disguised self-interest? Research suggests:
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Yes- We help others to reduce our own distress.
No - Empathy leads to increased helping. |
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Altruism - Social Norms theory.
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The reciprocity norm.
-Universal expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them. The social-responsibility norm. -Expectation that people will help those dependent on them. We help 'victims' but not the negligent. |
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Altruism - Evolutionary theory.
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Kin selection. Help shared genes.
Reciprocity. Help those who will help us in the future. |
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Situational influences in helping
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Number of bystanders.
Help when someone else does. Time Pressures. |
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Bystander effect
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Less likely to help when there is a group of bystanders.
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What needs to happen for helping to occur:
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Noticing.
Interpreting. Assuming responsibility. |
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Bystanders inhibit most when:
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1.They are strangers.
2.The number of bystanders inhibits noticing. 3.The emergency appears ambiguous. 4. They can't easily read each others' reactions. 5. They can assume someone else can help. |
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Altruism and feelings:
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-Guilt.
-Sad, (adults, but not children) will help if it will improve their mood. -Happy, happy people are more helpful people. -Non-helping moods: anger, depression, grief. |
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What are the helpful personality traits?
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Empathy, self-efficacy, high self-monitoring.
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Helping and gender.
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Men more often help women, but women help either gender equally.
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Helping and similarity.
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More likely to help those similar to us. Also true with race, but only if we won't appear racist.
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To get help:
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1. Reduce ambiguity. Make it clear you need help.
2. Increase responsibility. By decreasing anonymity. 3. Trigger guilt. 4.Increase concern for self image. - Door-in-the-face technique (after large request refused, offer a more reasonable one). - Every penny will help. |
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To socialize altruism:
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1. Teach moral inclusion.
2. Model. 3. Avoid overjustification (bribes, ect) 4. Learning about altruism increases it. |
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Define Conflict
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Perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
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Prisoner's dilemma
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Both confess= both 5 years
Neither confess= both 1 year One confess= confessor 0 years, non confessor 10 years. |
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Tragedy of the commons.
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Everybody uses one cow, everybody happy. Everybody use two cows, commons ruined. You use two cows, but nobody else, you double gain, but commons fine.
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Primary features of a social dilemma.
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-Triggers fundamental attribution error (I'm influenced by situation, you by character)
-Leads to changing motives (make money, minimize loss, avoid defeat) -Tends to be non-zero sum game (cooperation can be win-win, competition can be lose-lose) |
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Resolving social dilemmas:
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1.Regulate self-serving behavior.
2.Make group sizes small. (increases responsibility) 3.Communication 4. Change payoff schedule (make cooperation more rewarding) 5.Appeal for altruistic norms. |
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What else kindles conflict?
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Competition.
Perceived injustice (My outcome/input does not equal yours). Misperception. (Like mirror-image perception. Both sides attribute same positive stuff to self and negative stuff to other) |
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The four C's of making peace.
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Contact.
Cooperation. Communication. Conciliation. |
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Contact.
When does desegregation improve racial attitudes. |
1. Prolonged, personal contact.
2. Equal-status contact. |
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How to foster cooperation.
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1.Common external threats.
2.Superordinate goals (that are obtained!) 3. Cooperative learning. |
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Explain Sherif's experiment.
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Fostered animosity between then had a supply truck break down in which they had to work together to get the supplies.
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Structured communication
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Bargaining.
Mediation (neutral 3rd party facilitates communication and offers suggestions. Looking for a win-win solution. Arbitration. (neutral 3rd party studies both sides then imposes a settlement.) |
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)
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Strategy to de-escalate international relations.
1.State your desire to reduce tension. 2. Declare your intention to make a conciliatory act. 3. Carry out your verifiable conciliatory act. 4. Maintain your retaliatory capability. 5. Wait for your adversary's response. 6. Match your adversary's response (either conciliatory or aggressive). |