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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
natural selection
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the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive & reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations
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evolutionary psych
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the study of the evolution of cognition & behavior using principles of natural selection; evolutionary perspective highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature
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culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next
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norms
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standards for accepted & expected behavior; norms prescribe "proper" behavior; they describe what most others do & what is "normal"
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personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies; its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us
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leung & bond's universal 5 socal beliefs
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1. cynicism: "powerful people tend to exploit others"
2. social complexity : "one has to deal w/ matters according to the specific circumstances" 3. reward for application: "one will succeed if he/she really tries" 4. spirituality: "religious faith contributes to good mental health" 5. fate control: "fate determines one's success & failures" |
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gender
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in psych, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male & female
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cultural perspective
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highlights human diversity; the behaviors & ideas that define a group & that are transmitted across generations; the differences in attitudes & behaviors from one culture to another indicate the extent to which we're the products of cultural norms & roles
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cross cultural psychologists
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examine the "essential universality" of all people; despite their differences, cultures have a number of norms in common, such as respecting privacy in friendships & dissapproving of incest
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empathy
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the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes
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aggression
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone; in lab experiments, this might mean delievering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings
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androgynous
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from andro (man) & gyn (woman) - thus mixing both masculine & feminine characteristics
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gender role
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a set of behavior expectations (norms) for males & females; reflect biological influence, but also illustrate culture's strong impact
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who is known to occupy more socially dominant roles?
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males
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interaction
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a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)
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3 ways persons & situations interact
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1. individuals vary in how they interpret & react to a given situation
2. people choose many of the situations that influence them 3. people help create their social situations |
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conformity
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a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure
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compliance
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conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing
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obedience
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acting in accord with a direct order or command
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acceptance
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conformity that involves both acting & believing in accord with social pressure
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3 varieties of conformity
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compliance, obedience, & acceptance
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autokinetic phenomenon
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self (auto) motion (kinetic); the apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark
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3 classic sets of experiements to illustrate how researchers have studied conformity
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1. muzafer sherif: observed that others' judgments influenced people's estimates of the movement of a point of light that actually didn't move; norms for "proper" answers emerged & survived both over long periods of time & thru succeeding generations of research participants
2. solomon asch: had ppl listen to others judgments of which of 3 comparison lines were equal to a standard line & then make the same judgment themselves; when the others unanimously gave a wrong answer, the participants conformed 37% of the time 3. stanley milgram: his obedience experiments elicited an extreme form of compliance; under optimum conditions, a legit, close at hand commander, a remote victim & no one else to exemplify obedience, 65% of his adult male participants fully obeyed instructions to deliever what were supposedly trumatizing electric shocks to a screaming innocent victim in an adjacent room |
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the 3 classic experiments to illustrate how researchers have studied conformity exposed the potency of several phenomena like...?
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1. behavior & attitudes are mutually reinforcing, enabling a small act of evil to foster the attitude that leads to a bigger evil act
2. the power of the situation can induce good people, faced with dire circumstances, to commit reprehensible acts (although dire situaions may produce heroism in others) |
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cohesiveness
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a "we feeling" ; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another
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conformity is reduced if..?
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the modeled behavior or belief is not unanimous
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what is conformity enhanced by?
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group cohesion
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what causes a greater likelihood of conformity?
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the higher the status of those modeling the behavior / belief, people conform when their responses are public or in the the presence of the group
-a prior commitment to a certain behavior or belief increases the likelihood that a person will stick w/ that commitment rather than conform |
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normative influence
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conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance; we want to be liked; the tendency to conform more when responding publicly reflects normative influence
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informational influence
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conformity occuring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people; the tendency to conform more on difficult decision making tasks reflects information influence: we want to be right
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2 reasons people conform
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normative & information influence
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reactance
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a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom; reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action
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the power of social pressure is joined by a complementary emphasis on ?
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the power of the person
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persuasion
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the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes or behaviors
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central route to persuasion
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occurs when interested people focus on the arguments & respond w/ favorable thoughts
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peripheral route to persuasion
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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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is central or peripheral route to persuasion more durable?
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central; it's more thoughtful & less superficial; more likely to influence behavior
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credibility
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believability; a credible communicator is perceived as both expert & trustworthy; tend to be persuasive
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sleeper effect
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a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it
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attractiveness
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having qualities that appeal to an audience; an appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference
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6 persuasion principles
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1. authority: people defer to credible experts
2. liking: people respond more affirmatively to those they like 3. social proof: people allow the example of others to validate how to think, feel, act 4. reciprocity: people feel obliged to repay in kind what they've received 5. consistency: people tend to honor their public commitments 6. scarcity: people prize what's scarce |
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primacy effect
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other things being equal, info presented first usually has the most influence
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recency effect
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info presented last sometimes has the most influence; recency effects are less common than primacy effects
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channel of communication
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the way the message is delivered- whether face to face, in writing, on film, or in some other way
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two-step flow of communication
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the process by which media influence often occurs thru opinion leaders, who in turn influence others
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need for cognition
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the motivation to think & analyze; assessed by agreement w/items such as "the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me" & disagreement w/items such as "I only think as hard as I have to"
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4 factors that make persuasion effective
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1. the communicator: who says it
2. the message: what is said 3. the channel: how it's said 4. the audience: to whom it's said |
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cult (also called new religious movement)
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a group typically characterized by:
1. distinctive rituals & beliefs related to its devotion to a god or person 2. isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture 3. a charismatic leader (a sect by contrast, is a spinoff from a major religion) |
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cults successes result from what 3 general techniques?
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1. eliciting behavioral commitments
2. applying principles of effective persuasion 3. isolating members in like-minded groups |
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attitude inoculation
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exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available
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how do people resist persuasion?
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a prior public commitment to one's own position, stimulated perhaps by a mild attack on the position, breeds resistance to later persuasion
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group
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2 or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact w/ & influence one another & perceive one another as "us"
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co-actors
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co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity
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social facilitation
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-original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present
-current meaning: the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others |
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evaluation apprehension
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concern for how others are evaluating us
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experiments suggest that we are aroused by others presence that stems from what?
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its stems partly from evaluation apprehension & partly from distract- a conflict btwn paying attention to others & concentrating on the task
-other experiments suggest that the presence of others can be arousing even when we're not being evaluated or distracted |
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social loafing
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the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
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free riders
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people who benefit from the group, but give little in return
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deindividuation
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loss of self-awareness & evalutation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good & bad
-esp likely when people are in a large group, are physically anonymous & are aroused & distracted |
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when high levels of ____ combine w/ _____ , people may abandon their normal restraints & lose their sense of individuality
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social aroual; diffused responsibility
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self awareness
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a self conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself; it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes & dispositions
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group polarization
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group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within a group
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social comparison
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evaluating one's opinions & abilities by comparing oneself w/ others
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pluralistic ignorance
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a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
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loneliness
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painful awareness that our social relationships are less numerous or satisfying than we desire
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what group of people is considered the most lonely?
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adolescents; may feel depressed/bad about themselves
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2 ways to react to loneliness
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1. sad passivity: don't do anything about it
2.active solitude: exercise, be active |
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is loneliness subjective or objective?
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subjective; lonely ppl feel like they need a high number of friends to be considered not lonely; they set a high bar/expectations; feel like they need a bf/gf so they weren't lonely; felt loneliness was their own fault
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when do people feel lonely?
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-when important relationships have been severed (bf/gf, parents, friends)
-on holidays (ex: like vday) -when alone on weekends or evenings -certain kinds of housing situations (college) |
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personal characteristics related to loneliness
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shyness, low self esteem, self absorption w/ accompanying conversational habits
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how can one change conversational patterns assoc w/ loneliness or reduce loneliness?
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training
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loneliness is assoc w/ negative physiological outcomes like?
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-slow wound healing
-high levels of vascular tension -weaker immune response |
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depression realism
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-tendency for mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self serving judgments, attributions & predictions
-depression is assoc w/ attributing failure to stable, global & internal causes leading to sense of helplessness (things aren't gonna change, it's long lasting) |
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behavioral genetics
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-the study of genetic (inherited) influences on cognitive & emotional processes & personality
-how our genes affect who we are/how we function |
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indentical vs. fraternal twins
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identical: (monozygotic) genetically identical bc they develop from the same egg & sperm; share 100% of genetic code
fraternal (dizygotic) : genetically equivalent to a sibling; share 50% of their genetic material |
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are identical twins raised together more similar than fraternal twins raised togther?
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greater similarity of identical twins suggests an inherited genetic component
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do adopted childrens' personalities more closely resemble their adoptive or biological parents?
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greater similarity to biological parents suggests an inherited genetic component
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concordance
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similarity of diagnosis; the degree to which the presence of a disorder in one individual predicts its presence in another
-lack of concordance.. only 1 twin has problem |
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what's the concordance rate for schizophrenia?
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50% for identical twins; 9% for fraternal
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what's the concordance rate for alchoholism?
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65% for identical twins; 30% for fraternal
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why do a number of studies suggest genetic influence is greater in higher ses fams?
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schooling & family situation is one that helps individuals reach their full potential rather than blocking that for many individuals
-ex:music lessons, good coaching, etc |
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gender roles
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-shared expectations about appropriate behavior for individuals based solely on their sex
-all cultures have gender role differentiation -all lang have gender terms -much similarity across cultures, but also some notable differences |
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couvade
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father participates in birth of child in diff ways; may experience same symptoms as mother
-in many cultures, gender roles dictate elaborate rituals for father related to birth of a child |
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gender & workplace
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-women seen as less competent than males when they give negative feedback
-women providing negative feedback judged more negatively than males giving same feedback |
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gender stereotypes
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men: active, adventurous, coarse, courageious, dominant, enterprising, independent, stern, strong, tough, etc
women: affectionate, anxious, attractive, complaining, dependent, emotional, fearful, gentle, mild, sexy, soft hearted, submissive, weak, etc -stereotypes or reality? -gender stereotypes have some basis in self reported personality differences btwn males & females, but they exaggerate these |
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actual diff btwn men & women
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women are better at sending/receiving non verbal signals & have more empathy; males are more task oriented & less socially oriented interaction style
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what activates stereotypes so they influence behavior & perception?
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-stereotypes can be primed by stereotyped material in surroundings
-gender stereotypes are activated when physical appearance of others is highly masculine or feminine in stereotypical way -gender stereotypes are also activated when the perceiver is sex-typed, not androgynous |
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sex typed
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individuals who describe themselves in ways very consistent w/ gender stereotypes
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androgynous
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individuals who describe themselves as evidencing both traditionally male & traditionally female personality traits
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are women who dress in "feminine" maner judged more or less positively by personnel administrators?
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less positively
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what types of people are more likely to be evaluated in stereotypic terms when they are "solo" in a group
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women & blacks
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ann hopkins case
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-social psych in supreme court
-more billable hrs -wasnt made a partner -she won- treated differently than male partners |
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salary discrimination
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women may not be aware of salary discrimination when it exists
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major discrimination related to gender roles?
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-females subject to poorer nutrition
-less health care -selective absorption (high where female infanticide was high) |
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responsibility of fathers
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endowment, provision (economic support), protection
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roles
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set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions w/in a group are expected to perform
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kelmans typology of social influence
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compliance: influence accepted in order to achieve a favorable reaction, to gain a tangible award, or to avoid punishment
identification: influence occurs b/c the individual's desire to be like another person or to maintain a satisfying relationship w/ them leads to personal acceptance of influence from others |
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internalization
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influence occurs b/c the individual comes personally to believe that the new attitudes or ways of behaving are correct
-ex: rational evaluation of new info leads to a new attitude, a new approach is adopted b/c it seems useful in solving a problem, etc |
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milgram experiment
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-famous example of compliance
-actual shock delivered much higher than predicted -percent of participants shocking others much higher than predicted |
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what factors reduced the shock level in the milgram experiment?
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experiment leaves room/telephones, victim is closer, confederate models refusal
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factors contributed to compliance in milgram expt?
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-participants shift responsibility
-researcher uses euphamism ("the procedure") -"scientist" & "teacher" roles highlighted |
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conformity
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doing what others expect us to do
-conformity pressures can be very strong -outcome can be good or bad |
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normative influence
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conformity due to desire to fulfill others' expectations
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informational influence
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conformity due to acceptance of info about reality provided by others
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pluralistic ignorance
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widely shared misperception of others' thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that leads individuals to act at variance w/their own inclinations in ways reinforcing misperception
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cialdini's 6 principles of social influence
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reciprocity, consistency w/commitment, social validation, friendship/liking enhances persuasibility, authority, scarcity
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reciprocity
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the social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind
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consistency w/ commitment
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one feels pressure to act in a way that's consistent w/ his/her prior commitment
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social validation
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we frequently decide what's appropriate for us to think, feel, and do by examining how others like us handle the situation
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friendship/liking
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we prefer saying "yes" to requests made by people we know & like than to strangers
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authority
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the persuader should appear to be authoritative
-related to importance of credibility |
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scarcity
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items & opportunities seem more valuable when they are scarce
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online & tv ads brought in how much money in 2011?
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online: 25.9 billion
tv: 58.8 billion |
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examples of media & non-media marketing
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media: product placement in movies/tv, social media scanning to personalize ads
non media: "ordinary" people sign up to influence others, eye-catching events |
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2 basic marketing approaches
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1. hard sell: emphasizes qualities of product; ex: MPG, uses info
2. soft sell: "psych out" consumers & use this info to influence them; ex: how people think/act |
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effective marketing techniques
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get attention & motive action
-must understand differences in people |
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3 general types of american lifestyles
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1. belongers: stable, hardworking, often blue collar jobs, value family & community
2. societally conscious: well educated, well paid, value simplicity, worthwhile causes, good nutrition, environment 3. achievers: well educated, successful business people & professionals, value display of their status & success |
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micro targeting in politics
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use food preference & magazine subscriptions to define groups
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self monitoring
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being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations & adjusting one's behavior to create the desired impression
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high in self monitoring vs. low in self monitoring
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high: constantly paying attention to things & adjusting accordingly; respond to image ads (soft sell)..ex: you can see the difference
low: i am the way i am, take me or leave me; respond to quality ads (hard sell).. ex: you can taste the difference |
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primacy effect
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other things being equal, info presented first usually has the biggest effect
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life lessons from ad man
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all values=subjective
-persuasion better than forced compliance |
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successful social marketing
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-broad local consultation about problem to tackle
-local script writers -everyday charcters w/ everyday problems -positive role models have positive outcomes -negative role models have negative outcomes -transitional characters (start bad, become good) -the story itself is the message -lessons learned are breifly summarized, celebrities -names/addresses of organizations providing relevant services listed |
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deindividuation
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-loss of self awareness, individualty & restraint
-occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad |
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deindividuation is increased by?
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-being part of a large group
-engaging in arousing distracting activities -strong emotions -anonymity |
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what did the halloween deindividuation studies show?
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taking extra candy is increased by:
-being in a group -being aroused (by music or exercise) -being anonymous *8% took more than allowed when alone & not anonymous *80% took more than allowed when in a group & not anonymous |
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brainwashing
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attempt to change basic aspects of individual's values, attitudes & behaviors thru intense planned social experience
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conditions facilitating brainwashing
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sudden seizure, total control, isolation from rest of society, disorientation & humiliation, ignores or criticizes past statuses & behaviors, participation in own resocialization, extreme sanctions, new peer group
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self help groups
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-2 or more people who interact for longer than a few moments; influence each other & perceive one another as us
-more than just a collection of individuals -no formal leader to self help groups |
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what approaches do self help groups use?
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-inspirational testimonies
-mutual help -discuss similarity of problems -collective praise/encouragement -social support |
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do self help groups work?
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-often effective compared to no treatment or other accepted form of psychological treatment
-but negative results are found when: intense conflict in group, evaluative atmosphere, or poor leader |
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what are some likely sources of change in self help groups?
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-group instills hope
-leads to recognition that many others have problems too -interpersonal learning -group meets the need for intimacy -development of social skills |
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leadership
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-the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or a set of goals
-leadership is about dealing w/change.. management is about dealing w/complexity -what makes an outstanding leader isn't fully understood -one of the most observed & least understood phenomena on earth |
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examples of outstanding leaders
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ghandi, martin luther king, churchill, jack welsh, steve jobs, ratan tata
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leadership can be seen mainly as?
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control; but currently understood more as an exchange process involving leader, group being led & setting
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similarities in views of leadership
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all endorse:
-charismatic/values based on leadership -team-oriented leadership (relationship emphasis) -humane leadership (generous, compassionate, patient, modest, etc) -autonomous leadership (independent) |
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charismatic leader
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-has a vision of a better future (& a long term strategy for attaining that goal) expressed in a way that appeals to others
-takes personal risks to achieve vision -is sensitive to follower needs & feelings -may exhibit unusual "out of the ordinary" behaviors |
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key properties of vision for a leader?
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1. inspirational possibilities often centered on values
2. it is realizable 3. articulated w/ images others respond to positively |
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charismatic leadership
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-often found in politics bc ideology can provide strong basis for vision
-also seems effective in business in times of high stress for the company (ex: start up, organization threatening crisis, etc) -when found in business, it's related to profit for compaies as well as high performance & satisfaction among workers |
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downside of charasmatic leadership
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-blurring of line between personal & company interests
-charisma may lead to a climate where others who identify strongly w/the leader allow no challenge to leader's ideas or behaviors |
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transformation leadership
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inspires others to transcend their own self interest by:
-providing a vision, instilling pride & trust -inspirational motivation: communicating high expectations , expressing important purposes simply & effectively -promotes rationality & good problem solving including creativity -gives personal attention to employees |
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what is transformational leadership assoc w/?
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-high quality products
-worker motivation & satisfaction -lower worker turnover & stress -perceived effectiveness of leaders -higher profit |
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why is transformational leadership effective?
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-vision motivates & provides ambitious goals
-focus on creativity & problem is beneficial -personal attention creates commitment & trust |
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task behaviors
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related directly to achieving group goals, such as defining problems, establishing communication w/networks, providing evaluative feedback
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socio emotional behaviors
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influencing group members feelings, motivation, job satisfaction, etc
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characteristics of leaders
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-energetic, assertive, articulate, & hardworking
-intelligent -good task abilities -good social skills |
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other factors influencing leadership
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height, gender, participation
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leadership in diverse groups
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-in many ways like leadership in homogeneous organizations
-but diversity does pose some special challenges -important to meet these well as workforce and clientele becomes more diverse |
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symbolic function
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-leaders actions exemplify the company & its policies
-support of authorities for positive and productive relations between members of diff groups is vital -so symbolic meaning of action is important in setting the tone modeling acceptance w/ diverse management -volunteerism in diverse communities, etc |
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group think
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a dysfunctional kind of thinking emerging when the desire for agreement overwhelms realistic appraisal of actions in cohesive groups
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factors leading to group think
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a directive leader, cohesive group, isolation from dissenting ideas
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signs of group think
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-illusion of invulnerability
-unquestioned belief in morality of group actions -rationalization rather than reflection on actions -opponent seen in stereotyped terms -pressures toward conformity -self-censorship -apparent unanimity -mindguarding |
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preventing group think
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-leader doesn't state opinion up front
-devil's advocate role -bring in outsiders w/diff perspectives -explicitly ask for & address doubts (later meeting after time for reflection) |
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differences in views of leadership
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-western cultures strongly endorses participation leadership (actively participating w/subordinates in group tasks) & strongly rejects self-protective approach (bossy, self interested, relies heavily on formalities & procedures)
-asian cultures much less positive about participatory style, although they approve of it mildly. also much less negative about self protective leadership |
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authoritarian
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prejudice towards groups & even groups that don't actually exist
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4 origins of negative group intergroup relations/ where conflict comes from
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1. personality (authoritarian) - connection btwn personality & prejudice
2.social learning 3. realistic conflict 4. social identity theory |
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social learning
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-direct teaching of positive or negative attitudes toward other groups (modeling)
-observation of verbal and non-verbal behavior |
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relistic conflict (sherif)
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negative intergroup relations are caused by competition btwn groups for scarce resources
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robbers cave study
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-group identities established competition w/another group
-result: prejudice & stereotyping accusations of "bad" behavior; unfair judgments of others accomplishments; attact on outgroup & their property |
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social identity (tajfel)
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individuals want a positive social identity - knowledge that they belong to a group that's positively valued
-they often prefer positive to accurate evaluations -they are motivated to belong to positively evaluated groups -leads to motivation to perceive your group as better than others, in order to feel good about yourself -hard to test; developed minimal group paradigm -no "real" differences |
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favoritism of one's minimal group is typical bc?
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-work quality
-allocation of rewards (no self interest) -so social categorization itself is basis for discrimination -may even prefer "gap" to "absolute" level of resources -more powerful groups discriminate more than less powerful groups -less powerful discriminate too, esp when they may become more powerful in future |
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groups w/negative social identity may strive for change..
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-try to be absorbed into group w/ more positive identity
-redefine previously devalued characteristics as positive -create/adopt new dimensions for comparison -direct competition w/ favored group -compare w/other in group members (individual strategy) |
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3 components of negative intergroup relations
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1. prejudice
2. stereotyping 3. discrimination |
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prejudice
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negative prejudgment of a group & its individual members
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stereotype
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a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people
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prejudice & stereotypes are biased how?
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in perception & memory
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is stereotype or prejudice info processed more quickly?
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stereotype; stereotype consistent info gets more attention than inconsistent info which we: often ignore & try to refute
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discrimination
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negative behavior toward a group or its members on the basis of their group membership
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how do just world beliefs contribute to discrimination?
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-ppl have a need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable & just & that ppl get what they deserve
-we do this to plan our lives or achieve our goals we need to assume that our actions will have predictable consequences blame the victim |
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is racial discrimination a thing of the past in the us?
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-whites: over 2/3 say yes
-blacks: less than 1/3 say yes |
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allport's contact theory
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-contact btwn members of diff groups will improve intergroup relations if certain conditions are met
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3 aspects to allport's contact theory
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1. equal status w/in contact situation
2. emphasis on cooperation- mutually shared goals; all needed to succeed 3.support of authorities: make decisions that promote good relations, modeling, can reward/punish others' constructive/destructive behavior |
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factors impeding achievement of equal status include? (part of contact theory)
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-population differences related to past or present discrimination elsewhere
-interracial interaction disability -different conceptions of whether equal status exists |
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why does cooperation improve intergroup relations?
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-increases perceptions of similarity
-leads to the development of friendship -reduces intergroup anxiety -personalizes outgroup members, which can reduce stereotypes |
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statistical analysis of over 500 studies on the contact theory concludes?
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-contact reduces prejudice
-this effect is much stronger when allport conditions are met |
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decategorization
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-making group membership less salient & individual characteristics more salient
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recategorization
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constructing broader more inclusive identities
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stereotype threat
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apprehension caused by concern that one might confirm an existing stereotype- in one's own or other's eyes
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measuring impact of stereotype threat
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-all members of stereotyped group presented w/ same task related to stereotype
-half told it measures stereotyped characteristic & half told it measures something else -task completed & scores compared |
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stereotype threat undermines performance by?
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-promoting anxiety
-lowering expectations about one's likely performance -taking up cognitive resources |
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conditions creating stereotype threat
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-knowledge of stereotypes existance
-belief that task is related to the stereotype -salience of group membership |
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factors increasing stereotype threat
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1. identification w/the domain
2. identification w/ the stereotyped group 3. stigma consciousness 4. acceptance of stereotypes |
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dis-identification
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psychological disengagement from that performance domain to protect the self
-lessened enjoyment of work -select less challenging work |
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how to reduce stereotype threat
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-self affirmation
-see intelligence as maleable -present tests in a way that minimizes anxiety -minimize salience of stereotypes -create "superordinate" identities |
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aggression (& name 2 types)
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
-hostile & instrumental |
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hostile aggression
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driven by anger & performed as an end in itself
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instrumental aggression
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means to another end
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individual aggression
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neural, genetic (esp combined w/environment), biochemical (alcohol/hormones), frustration anger agression, relative deprivation, social learning, cues (weapons), heat or pain, violent tv & video games, cultural factors
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impact of tv violence is greatest when?
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1. views are already predisposed to violence
2. viewers are young 3. viewer & aggression are similar 4. viewers identify strongly w/ aggressor 5. physical & verbal violence are depicted 6. violence is realistic |