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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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RACISM
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Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another
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SEXISM
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Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another
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STEREOTYPE
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A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics
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PREJUDICE
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Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups
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DISCRIMINATION
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Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group
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GROUP
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Two or more persons perceived as related because of their interactions, membership in the same social category, or common fate
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INGROUPS
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Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
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OUTGROUPS
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Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
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MODERN RACISM
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A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
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IMPLICIT RACISM
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Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally
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SUPERORDINATE GOAL
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A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups
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REALISTIC CONFLICT THEORY
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The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources
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RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
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Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others
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INGROUP FAVORITISM
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The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups
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SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
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The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem
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SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION
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A desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups
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SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION
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The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
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OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY EFFECT
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The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups
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ILLUSORY CORRELATION
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An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
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SOCIAL ROLE THEORY
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The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women
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STEREOTYPE CONTENT MODEL
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A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth
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SUBLIMINAL PRESENTATION
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A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them
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STEREOTYPE THREAT
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The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group
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CONTACT HYPOTHESIS
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The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce under certain conditions
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JIGSAW CLASSROOM
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A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interactions in group efforts
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ATTITUDE
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A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea
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ATTITUDE SCALE
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A multiple item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object
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BOGUS PIPELINE
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A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions
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FACIAL ELECTROMYOGRAPH (EMG)
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An electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes
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IMPLICIT ATTITUDE
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An attitude, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having
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IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST (IAT)
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A covert measure of unconscious attitudes derived from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts-such as black and white with good or bad
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THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
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The theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and perceived control to influence a person's actions
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PERSUASION
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The process by which attitudes are changed
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CENTRAL ROUTE TO PERSUASION
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The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments
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PERIPHERAL ROUTE TO PERSUASION
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The process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues
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ELABORATION
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The process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication
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SLEEPER EFFECT
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A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source
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NEED FOR COGNITION (NC)
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A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities
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INOCULATION HYPOTHESIS
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The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument
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PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE
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The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive
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COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY
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The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
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INSUFFICIENT JUSTIFICATION
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A condition in which people freely perform an attitude discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward
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INSUFFICIENT DETERRENCE
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A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened
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CONFORMITY
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The tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms
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INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE
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Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments
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NORMATIVE INFLUENCE
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Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
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PRIVATE CONFORMITY
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The change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others
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PUBLIC CONFORMITY
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A superficial change in overt behavior without a corresponding change of opinion that is produced by real or imagined group pressure
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MINORITY INFLUENCES
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The process by which dissenters produce change within a group
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IDIOSYNCRASY CREDITS
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Interpersonal "credits" that a person earns by following group norms
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INDIVIDUALISM
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A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances
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COLLECTIVISM
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A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony take priority over personal goals
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COMPLIANCE
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Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests
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FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE
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A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer sets the stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request
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LOWBALLING
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A two-step compliance technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs
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DOOR-IN-THE-FACE TECHNIQUE
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A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is so large that it is rejected
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THAT'S-NOT-ALL TECHNIQUE
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A two-step compliance technique in which the influencer begins with an inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus
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OBEDIENCE
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Behavior change produced by the commands of authority
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SOCIAL IMPACT THEORY
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The theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to target persons
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