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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oath of Neutrality
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Britain to Acadians - Stay neutral if a war between Britain and France broke out (1730) Result - Acadians accepted
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Oath of Allegiance
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British to Acadians - The Acadians would fight for Britain and against France if there was a war (1755) Result - Acadians Refused
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Great Deporation
Factors that shaped Britain’s decisions to deport the Acadians |
They did not take the oath of allegiance
The war was likely |
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Great Deportation
Factors that shaped the decisions of the Acadians |
They did not want to take sides for the British
Britain was forcing them too |
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Great Deporation
How this affected the future of French culture in Canada |
They would not have any Acadians living there
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How did people meet the challenges of the Deportation?
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The people did not want to be deported. They did though, because the Britain government forced them. Some people would find it harder than other because of the land they own, there friends, there family or there houses.
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Acadia
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(1604 - 1713) a France colony. it was in what is now called Canada. Founded by Giovanni da Verrazzano and came under Samuel de Champlain and Pierre du Gua de Monts
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Deportation
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To send out of a country due to push and pull factors
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Acadians
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Early European colonists who lived in Acadia
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Great Deportation
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The British government chipped eleven thousand Acadians in Acadia in 1755. They moved them to Thirteen Colonies and England and to France. They left all of there homes, land and possessions to the British.
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Treaty of Paris
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Britain and France - 1763 - ended the seven years war. France kept the colonies of Guadeloupe and a small bas in North America. Britain and Spain received other claims. Result - All Agreed
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Origins of the War (Ohio Valley)
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1754, fighting broke out between Britain and France to control the Ohio Valley along the western boundary of the Thirteen Colonies. Expanded into a fight for the entire continent
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General understanding of the war (Global war – not just in North America)
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1754 - 1763 Britain aimed to destroy the French navy and establish worldwide domination of the seas. Soon 9 European countries had chosen sides
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Seven Years War
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The Seven Years' War lasted between 1756–1763 and involved all of the major European powers of the period. In the end, Britain and Spain gain most of France's territory. 2 leaders died in this war, General James Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm.
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Seven Years War
Origins of the War (Ohio Valley) |
1754, fighting broke out between Britain and France to control the Ohio Valley along the western boundary of the Thirteen Colonies. Expanded into a fight for the entire continent
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Seven Years War
General understanding of the war (Global war – not just in North America) |
Britain aimed to destroy the French navy and establish worldwide domination of the seas. Soon 9 European countries had chosen sides
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Seven Years War
Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Major North American battle) |
1759, over before lunchtime, alter the future of North America
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Assimilation
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The process of becoming part of a different cultural group (not your own)
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Assimilate
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Become part of a different cultural group
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Pontiac
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Leader of the Odawa Nation - organized an alliance of First Nations to oppose Britain's takeover. Pontiac signed a agreement in 1765 which the British acknowledged there defeat of France. And did not give them rights to First Nations Land.
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Minweweh
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Anishinabe Leader - Pontiac's ally.
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Marquis de Montcalm
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French leader - Launched a counter attack on the British forces, his horse brought him back unconscious when he was hit by a bullet
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General James Wolfe
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British Forces led by Wolfe - Laid the siege of Quebec, kit by a bullet in the plains of Abraham, died were he fell
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Siege
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Surrounding a fortified place to force its surrender
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How did competition between Britain and France to control North America shape Canada
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When they were both competing and trying to buy land, settlers were also settling in. Later they wanted to have good land too so that they could have farms and they would not have to move. They would vote for a country, Canada. Also the settlers found that if they had there own country., the would get more rights than the government in Britain.
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Quebec Act
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1774 - This would return some of the rights that the royal proclamation took away. They insured that they French language3 and Canadien culture would be kept. It allowed them to play politics in the country and Canadien's to hold government positions once they had taken the oath of loyalty. The French civil law was made and they extended the boundaries of Québec beyond the proclamation line.
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Royal Proclamation
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1763 - § Britain to North American Colonies - aimed to establish the province Québec with British-style government, disallow catholic to have positions in government, encouraged settlers from thirteen colonies to move to Quebec saying settlers could not move west
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Britian Establish Control
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They made the Royal Proclamation. When this did not work out though they made the Quebec Act as a compromise.
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Elected Assembly
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Representatives elected by voters
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Canadien
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A descent of the settlers of New France
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United States Breaks Away/Loyalist Migration
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1776 the thirteen colonies decided to break away from Britain an become an independent country, the; the united states. The loyalist migration was when the thirteen colonies went to war. They were pressured to chose sides. If they supported the British rule they were the Empire Loyalists. If they supported the non British rule they were the Patriots. During the war, many people who supported the British rule t to British colonies in Nova Scotia or Quebec.
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What challenges of coexistence arose from the Loyalist Migration?
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It increased the number of British people in Quebec. In 1790, British people made up 10% of the population. They began to ask for laws and customs but the law of Quebec made sure there were French laws.
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American War of Independence/ American Revolution
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1763 Britain a was in deep debt. They raised the prize of taxes in the thirteen colonies but they refused to pay. The slogan “No Taxation without Representation” was used. George Washington brought up the Thirteen Colonies to fight. They had a war. This war went in till 1783. the war divided the thirteen colonies into 2 groups, the Patriots were the people who wanted the rebellion, and the United Empire Loyalists were the ones that did not want the rebellion and were loyal to the British crown.
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United Empire Loyalists
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Were loyal to the British crown and the British Empire.
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Loyalist Migration
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When the United Empire Loyalists all moved to Quebec or Nova Scotia to British Colonies.
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Impacts on Canadiens/First Nations
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Lots of new people were moving in and they did not have ltos and ltos of room. Also all these people needed food, sheltor, money and farm land.,
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Loyalists Press for Change – wanting their own settlements and colonies – what Britain did…
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The Britain government had allowed the French to have French laws, but when all of the loyalists came up they wanted British laws.
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The Constitutional Act of 1791
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This act was passed by Quebec. It established British laws for loyalist settlers west of Montréal.
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The formation of Upper Canada and Lower Canada
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Upper Canada is up stream from the St. Lawrence River. It is below lower Canada, but up stream.
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The creation of New Brunswick
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Because of the many loyalist settlers around St. John River, Britain divided Nova Scotia into new colonies in 1784. It gave the St. John River settlers there own colony, which was New Brunswick.
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Refugee
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A person who seeks protection in another country to escape danger in their own country
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George Washington
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Became the first president of the United States in 1789.
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Patriots
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People who supported the War of Independence and wanted US to become a country
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Representitive Goverment
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A goverment that represents its people
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War of 1812
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The war of 1812 was a fight between the United States and British North America. It was really part of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.
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Origins of the war of 1812 – Napoleonic Wars
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The wars triggered a conflict in North America. It was part of the Napoleonic wars.
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French Revolution
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The French revolution was in 1789. The French dethroned its monarch and became republic. This made the Britain government nervous. They had a war against France with countries who were ruled by monarchs [including Britain].
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British blockade of American ships to France
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They shut down the trade routes between France in the US. It blocked American ships from landing at French ports. The British navy also started boarding American ships.
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American retaliation – attacking the nearest British territory: BNA
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The US. Declared war on the nearest piece of British territory, British North America which is now known as Canada.
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Perspectives on the war of 1812 – American, Canadien, Upper Canada, First Nation
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American - hoped that the people living in British North America would not oppose their takeover plans. In 1812 of June, the Americans invaded Upper Canada.
Canadiens - did not do anything because the Catholic Church opposed it. It encourage the Canadiens to fight for Britain. Upper Canada - the American attacked the center of Upper Canada. Some loyalist were very mad and had strong support for Britain. There were lots of American settlers too. They had come Tecumseh to seek land farm, and would support the US. First Nations - Tecumseh was the leader of the Shawnee First Nation group. He began to organize the First Nations to support the British. |
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Treaty of Urtecht
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1713 - Ended the war of the Spanish succession.
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Laura Secrod
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Saved the British and Canadian forces at the battle of Beaver Dams during the War of 1812. she was the wife of James Secord. She was loyal to Britain. When serving American officers in her house, she over heard them talking about there plan to attack. She took the message to Lieutenant FitzGibbon. She had to be very carful not to be captured and had to travel 19 miles. She warned them, and then collapsed from exhaustion.
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Republican Government
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A government that has no monarch and that Is usually elected.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Was a French general known for being a military genius, a great leader and a strong cultural figure. He was a supporter of the French republic. He became empire Napoleon the First.
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Reasons for the Great Migration
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Industrial Revolution taking away jobs (people replaced by machines),
Poverty in Britain - there was an economic slowdown and more unemployment. Potato Famine, loss of food |
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Population Growth of BNA between 1820-1850 and the impacts that created
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The settlers wanted more farms, and they did not have lots and lots of land. They would also want food, and a nice place to live. There did not have all of these, and were in trouble.
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Great Migration
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The great Migration was when the British North America people began to leave Britain seeking better lives. (1815 - 1850) They many left for economic reasons. To get there though you had to go on a ship. These ships were over crowded, and were full of sicknesses and dieses. You had to know that if you went on these ships, there was a good possibility that you would not be coming back.
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What challenges did the Great Migration cause?
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Lots and lots of settlers came all of a sudden. This would be a problem because they all wanted farmland and food.
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Coffin Ships
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Where the ships that shipped the people during the Great Migration. Conditions where so poor passengers called them coffin ships.
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Epidemic
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The infection of a large population by a dieses
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Cholera
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A contagious disease that causes intestinal problems and dehydration
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Pull Factor
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Something that is positive of were you are going to live
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Push Factor
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Something that is negative of where you live now
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Immigration
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A person intending to establish a home and citizenship in a country that is not their native country
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Emigration
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Leaving one's country to establish citizenship and a home in another country
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Reformers
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Someone who seeks to change. They changed the government of BNA.
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Rebellions of 1837/1838 – their causes and outcomes
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Lower Canada - the government and the elected assembly were in trouble. Catholic Canadiens made up most of the assembly.
Upper Canada - there was a struggle between the council and the assembly. |
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Britain’s response to the Rebellions: the Durham Report (the recommendations)
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Britain investigated what was wrong in BNA. They sent Lord Durham there. His ideas where:
§ Union of lower and upper Canada § More Democratic Government § Britain have less roles into eh affairs and the colony should govern themselves § Assimilation of the Canadiens |
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Act of Union
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1841 - was the Union based on the recommendations of the Durham report to presser the Canadiens to assimilate. It combined Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single province. Legislated council. Government - Britain, Governor, Legislative Council * appointed by governor*, Elected Assembly *42 members Canada East 42 members Canada 42*
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Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine
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Francophone. Britain withdrew him from the provision. Lafontaine offered Baldwin a seat in a by- election which Baldwin won.
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Baldwin Alliance
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Helped Lafontaine get a seat in the assembly in 1841. Lafontaine offered Baldwin a seat in a by- election which Baldwin won
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The Rebellion Losses Bill
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1849 Lafontaine and Baldwin faced the rebellion. This was after the province of Canada had achieved control of its affairs from Britain.
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The Push For Democracy
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During the 1820's and 1830's, colonists in British North America began to call for change - to reform - to their system of government
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To what extent did demands for more democratic government reflect challenges of coexistence in BNA?
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There were lots of problems, and they needed people to govern them. People in Britain had no idea what was going on in BNA.
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How did the demands for a more democratic government in BNA shape Canada?
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They realized that this colony needed more independence.
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Amnesty
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A pardon
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Coalition
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An alliance among different groups
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Francophone
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A person whose first language is French
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anglophone
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A person whose first language is English
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Advise
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To give advice
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Republic
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A system of government that does not have a monarch (usually a democracy)
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Democracy
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A system of government in which citizens elect those who rule them
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Colonial Government
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A government established in a colony and controlled by an imperial power, such as Britain
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Reformers
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Someone who seeks to change. They changed the government of BNA.
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Rebellions of 1837/1838 – their causes and outcomes
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Lower Canada - the government and the elected assembly were in trouble. Catholic Canadiens made up most of the assembly.
Upper Canada - there was a struggle between the council and the assembly. |
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ritain’s response to the Rebellions: the Durham Report (the recommendations)
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Britain investigated what was wrong in BNA. They sent Lord Durham there. His ideas where:
§ Union of lower and upper Canada § More Democratic Government § Britain have less roles into eh affairs and the colony should govern themselves § Assimilation of the Canadiens |
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The Act of Union 1841 (Creation of Canada East and Canada West, or the United Province of Canada)
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1841 - was the Union based on the recommendations of the Durham report to presser the Canadiens to assimilate. It combined Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single province. Legislated council.
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Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine
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Francophone. Britain withdrew him from the provision. Lafontaine offered Baldwin a seat in a by- election which Baldwin won.
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Baldwin Alliance
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Helped Lafontaine get a seat in the assembly in 1841. Lafontaine offered Baldwin a seat in a by- election which Baldwin won
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The Rebellion Losses Bill
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1 § 1849 Lafontaine and Baldwin faced the rebellion. This was after the province of Canada had achieved control of its affairs from Britain. Get the province to pay money to the people who lost there homes
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The Push for Democracy
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During the 1820's and 1830's, colonists in British North America began to call for change - to reform - to their system of government
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To what extent did demands for more democratic government reflect challenges of coexistence in BNA?
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There were lots of problems, and they needed people to govern them. People in Britain had no idea what was going on in BNA.
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How did the demands for a more democratic government in BNA shape Canada?
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They realized that this colony needed more independence.
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Political Deadlock
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When both sides had an equal amount of seats. This was between Canada East and Canada West
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Fahters of Confederation
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John A. Macdonald - came from Canada West, first prime minister of the Canada
George - Etienne Cartier - was from Canada East, supported the Catholic Church, died 5 years after George Brown - Canada West, founded the Globe newspaper, Etienne-Paschal Tache - led the alliance with John A. Macdonald |
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Charlotte Town Conference
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First confederation conference, 1864 in prince Edward Island.
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Points of the BNA Act
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○ Federal power for 'peace, order and good government', public property, defense, regulation of trade, post office, Aboriginal peoples, criminal law, fisheries, navigation, banks, agriculture , immigration and taxation. Provincial powers local affairs, civil law, health and welfare, education, natural resources, agriculture, immigration and taxation. There would be catholic and Protestant schools, a house of commons, and a railway linking up.
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Confederation Deal
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BNA Act - 1867, Written by John Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier.
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Were the First Nations involved?
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No. The did not consult with the first nations till 1960, over 100 years later than confederation
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Which provinces joined confederation in 1867?
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Canada Eats, Canada West, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
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Confederation Timeline
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• 1867 - Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
• 1870 - Manitoba • 1871 - British Columbia • 1873 - PEI • 1905 - Alberta and Saskatchewan • 1949 - Newfoundland |
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Why did the other provinces not join in 1867 in Confederation?
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Found more disadvantages than advantages, especially from taxation
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What issues shaped Confederation?
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People were not happy with the way things where, the railway
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What factors led to the provinces joining confederation?
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The BNA act, Red River Resistance
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Constitution
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The offical set of rules about how a country is governed
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Annexation
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Takeover of a territory by another country
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Family Compact
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A group of wealthy English Canadian . They help power in the councils appointed by the governor. Upper Canada.
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Chateau Clique
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A group of wealthy English merchants. They held power in the councils appointed by the British governor. Lower Canada
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Red River Resistance
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1869 Canada had an agreement with the HBC and Britain to buy Rupert's land for 1.5 million $. Surveyors started to come and section off the land to new white settlers. They did not even care that Métis people were living there. The Métis went to Fort Gary following leader Louis Riel. He declared a provisional government.
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Charlotte Town Conference
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First confederation conference, 1864 in prince Edward Island. Conference where the maritime (PEI, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick)
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Quebec Conference
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1864 , one month later then the Charlottetown. They invited Newfoundland too. They decided on 72 resolutions. Maritime wanted there own identity/culture. Upper Canada / Lower Canada wanted railway. PEI and Newfoundland did not join
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The London Conference
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Was the BNA Act came alive, July First, 1867 there was Canada!
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Manitobia Act - Key Points
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Acknowledge First nations peoples to land
Committed public funding for both Protestant and Catholic schools Made French and English official languages of Manitoba's legislature Recognized Métis rights to land Established Manitoba as a province, which gave the people of Manitoba the right to elect a provincial government and representatives to Canada's federal government |
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- Perspectives – Métis, Canadien, Canadian of the Manitoba Act
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§ Canadian - did not like this act, thought we should change them all to english
Metis - agreed |
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Metis Migration West
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ter the defeat at the battle of Batoche in 1885, many of the Métis people left south branch and moved into what would become Alberta. Alberta has the largest population of Mets people in Canada. They faced challenges to.
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Louis Riel
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His father was Métis and his mother was Canadien. Raised in a Francophone School and was 14 when he went to study at the College de Montreal. He was a good student and learned many languages (English French and Cree) When the HBC gave Rupert's land to Canada, he established the Red River Settlement and a Provencal government. He went to Montana, and then later came up to Fort Gary again. He was hung in 1885.
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Thomas Scott
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Thomas Scott was a land surveyor. He came to look at the land, and was shot by the Métis at For Garry. Riel could have stopped the shooting, but chose not to.
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Poundmaker
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Pitwahanapiwiyin was in support with Riel's ideas
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Big Bear
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Mistahimmaskwa was in support with Riel's ideas
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Gabriel Dumont
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Was well known in the Métis and First Nations. He was known for is hunting and for leading the Métis buffalo hunt. He left Red river after the Resistance and encouraged many Métis people to settle in the South Branch Region.
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Land Speculator
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a person who buys up land with the intention of setlling it to make a profit
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Surveyor
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a person whose job is to divide and mark land into separate peices of property
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Provinsional Goverment
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a temporary goverment formed when no toerh authority can establsih legitimate control
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What issues did the Métis uprisings in the west raise for Canada?
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They saw an opening for the railway
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Numbered Treaties
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§ Where numbered occurding to order. They tell the story of how Canada would build the railway. Lots of First Nations thought instead of 'owning' the land they were 'sharing' the land.
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What ideas of citizenship shaped Canada’s western expansion
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The US decided that instead of making friends with the First Nations, they would defeat them. Canada gained there friendship and started to 'collect' the first nations groups over the west.
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NWMP
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North West Mounted Police , they helped keep the USA from moving into the Canadian territory
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Residential Schools and Assimilation
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Separated children from families and hurt First Nations children and communities. It also took away there first nations culture.
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national Policy
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1878, People began moving to the west.
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Alberta and Sasketewan
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The act of 1905
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Wilfrid Laurier
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July 1896, became Canada's Prime Minister, wanted to have people living in west
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