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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Globalization
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Erosion of political, social, cultural and technological boundaries with a focus on interconnections and interdependence. The development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, and tapping the cheaper foreign labor markets.
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Identity
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Sameness of essential generis character in different instances. Essentially “who am I?” and how one defines themself.
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Homogenization
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The blending of two or more different cultural practices into one, uniform cultural practice that does not show any trace of diversity from cultures among people.
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Acculturation
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The exchange of cultural features that result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact; the original culture patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.
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Assimilation
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The process of bringing into conformity the customs, attitudes etc. of a group, nation; adapting or adjusting. Assimilation occurs naturally through time and through maturity and learning OR by the process of force.
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Accommodation
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Fitting in with someone’s wishes and demands in a helpful way.
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Integration
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The act or instance of combining two or more racial groups into one whole group.
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Marginalization
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To treat a group, idea, or concept as unimportant, unequal or peripheral.
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Universalization of Pop Culture
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Media, technology, music etc. transcends borders and everyone is exposed to the same or similar cultures.
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Hybridization
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The process through which globalizing cultures preserve or create cultural diversity. It is the way in which one thing becomes separated from existing practices and combines with something of another practice to create a joint practice.
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Diversification
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Is the process of giving variety to a society or nation.
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Cultural Revitalization
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The ability for a culture to recognize, revisit, and celebrate its beliefs.
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Dualism
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The idea that two ideas, or nations formed one nation or idea and that those two bases are equal parts of a new thing.
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Japanese Internment
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Marginalization
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Separatist Movement
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Cultural revitalisation, dualism, diversification, accommodation
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FLQ
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Dualism, diversification, accommodation
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Residential Schools
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Acculturation, assimilation, marginalization
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Historical Immigration
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Assimilation, marginalization (japanese), cultural revitalization, cultural diversity
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Student Activists (East Timor)
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marginalization, Santa Cruz Massacre, assimilation, homogenization, cultural revitalization
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Hmong in America
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Homogenization, assimilation, acculturation, cultural revitalization
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Maori Culture
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Assimilation, homogenization, hybridization
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Mercantilism
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A protectionist policy that created a form of command economy
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Eurocentrism
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Viewing the world from a European perspective and promoting European values and beliefs as preeminent
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Ethnocentrism
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Viewing the world from a known cultural perspective and promoting those values and beliefs and preeminent
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Racism
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The belief that there are racial different and that certain races are naturally superior to others
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Social Darwinism
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Application of the principle of survival of the fit est to social interaction
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Social Degeneration
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European term to describe European assimilation into a non-European culture (gone native)
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Missionarism
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The Eurocentric view that non Europeans need to be civilized
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Slavery
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People are bought and sold as though they are property
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Indentured Service
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People are bound by long term labour contracts
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Conscripted Labour
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Forced labour
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Genocide
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The deliberate killing of a large group of people
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Colonialism
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The socio-economic expansion of a nation into a different territory
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Subordinate
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Lower than you in education or being able to dehumanize them to work for you
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Viking Expansion
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Imperialism, expansionism, globalization
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The Crusades
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Imperialism, expansionism, globalization
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The Age of Exploration
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Global expansion of Europe, expansionism, imperialism, globalization
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Famous Explorations
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Prince Henry the Navigator: funded expeditions southward along the African Coast
Bathelomeu Diaz: plotted a southward cost to the cape of good hope, reported Europe could be circumnavigated |
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Famous Explorations 2
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Vasco Da Gama: used Diaz's discoveries, plotted a course around Africa and India
Christopher Columbus: 4 voyages to Spain, reached North America |
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Famous Explorations 3
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Amerigo Vespucci: credited for recognizing Columbus had not reached the Indies, made a map of the "New World"
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Colonies
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Ideological spread, globalization, imperialism, assimilation
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Geopolitics
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The study of geography and its relationship to politics, national power, and foreign policy
- geography - political structures - goals of other nations - looking at how things fall out in the world |
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Goals of Nations
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Peace, security, sovereignty, prestige, prosperity, industrial development, spread of an ideology
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Strategic alliances
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Alliances formed as a means of strategy (hegemony)
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Strategic Depth
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Defense in depth, navy/air-force, capaticity for nuclear/chemical warfare, advancements of technology/value of money
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Strategic Value
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Strategic advantage, amount of money, alliances with people around you, port systems as transport for goods, services and military equipment, amount of people to send into a war of attrition
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Strategic Withdrawl
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Knowing when to pull out
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Balance of Power
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There will never be a balance of power in the world, as much as we want to believe that we are interconnected, the world would have to be absolutely and totally equal
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Buffer State/Client State
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Neutrality based on geography
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The Domino Theory
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If we were to make the Cold War it was an ideological war
Was manifested into a cold war which meant there was no real battles fought on the war of those nations • Korea • Vietnam The spread of communism was very rapid, and the fear was that the world would eventually be run by communism |
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Encirclement
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When a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces
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Hegemony
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Leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others as in confederation
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Isolationism
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The policy or doctrine of isolation of one country from the nations around it by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements etc.
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Militarism
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The tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military
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Sphere of Influence
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Any area in which one nation wields power over others
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Stalemate/War of Attrition
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Any position or situation in which no action can be taken, or any progress made
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Status Quo
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A state in which all political, economic, and social aspects remain as they are without conforming to modern ideologies, and technological advancement
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Imperialism
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The process of establishing political and economic domination of foreign territory. It can also lead to cultural domination of “foreign” people through colonization
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Sustainability
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A means of configuring civilization and human activity so that society and its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present
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Citizenship
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Your role as an individual in society (part of something) nationalistic
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Scarcity
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Unlimited wants vs limited resources
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Economics
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Analyses the production and consumption of goods
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Prosperity
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Economic success
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Surveillance
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Annual evaluations of nation's economic situations
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Technical Assistance and Training Banking Transperency
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Financial systems regulating and supervision
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Insourcing
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Organization uses especially internal labor and personnel but outer resources as well to supply the operations needs
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Outsourcing
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Offshoring or moving work offshore to another country
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The Economic Spectrum
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Radical (communism), moderate (mixed economies), capitalist (capitalist)
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Status
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Land and money
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The Tradition Economy
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o Paternalistic (Male dominance)
o Hierarchical: Rigid Social structure o Pastoral/Agrarian o Tends to be closely tied to beliefs and values o Depends on the state of being of people |
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Free Market Economy
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• Liberty
• Self-regulating • Capitalist economy • Individual Enterprise • Creates competition • Creates innovation • Quality control • Better pricing • Monopolies |
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Command Economy
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• Limited liberty
• Government controlled • Central planning • Public enterprise • Government bureaucracy o Selfish o Greedy • Made up of people o Each with their own needs o Not an effective way of decision making |
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Mixed Economy
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• Regulated liberty
• Regulation of supply and demand • Socialism • Welfare capitalism • Conservatism • Progress without need to move forward • Revolutions are caused by education • Mercantilism: Protected economy o New France Fur Trade o Make money o Build empire o Self-sustainability o Capitalism Different resources |
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Socialism
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o Unchecked capitalism of industrial revolution
o Enlightened business Socal improvement o Education, cooperation, humane work condition o Examples: Communism Democracy Socialism |
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Classical Liberalism
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o Liberty is paramount
o Individual initiative and capitalist competition o Government should regulate society to protect individuals from harm o Examples: Liberalism Neo-conservatism |
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Great Depression Boom Cycle
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o Social movement of luxury
o People were spending, prices rose o 1920s Prices were inflating faster than the economy could keep up Price affects demand Producers: If prices are inflating, at some point can’t afford to produce these goods Can’t pay employees who in turn, then can’t pay for products |
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Great Depression Bust Cycle
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o A nation’s responsibility to itself is to preserve its domestic economy
o Increase tax on imports = increase spending in domestic economy o Increases taxes: Protect domestic market Global market will flat-line No strong domestic economies will crash Nations that rely on exports crash o Inflation Commodities over-valued Governments subsidize Companies take over markets and it subsidize Affects pricing |
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Supply and Demand
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• Producers must know where their supply is in term of the economic demand
• 1920s Demand is high, producers aren’t managing their supply • The hub of manufacturing was Eastern USA o Central and Western USA had little manufacturing Goods and services were not evenly distributed making prices higher where the products were not distributed |
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Inflation
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• If it occurs to rapidly consumers can’t afford, profit is lost, can’t pay employees
• No money = no spending • Hyperinflation rapid increase o Peak in the business cycle • Inflation Steady increase o Value of the dollar o Goods and services o Cost of living |
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Social Change
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• City development
• Work place protection • Leisure development o Entertainment industry • Urban sprawl o Cities that develop faster than they can plan it |
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Predicting Inflation
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• Based on business-consumer indicators (BCI)
o GDP o Rate of inflation o Employment rates o Buying houses o Car sales o Retail sales o Price of oil * |
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Oil
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• U.S. consumes ¼ of the world’s oil
• Trade balance o Equal exports and imports Better to export more than you import |
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Sustainability
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• Challenges and Opportunities
o As trade evolved it became more advantageous to create economic blocks to support free trade • Trading blocks o Nations did not always see advantages in economic negotiations o NAFTA and EU were relatively successful trading blocks • Regulation of international trade o Bretton Woods System and Monetary Management Rebuilt international economies post WWII Created the IMF (International Monetary Fund) Created to International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) • Part of world bank o 1971 U.S. terminated the convertibility of the US dollar to gold This ended the Bretton Woods System It was the first fiat currency • First monetary currency that the U.S. can control which makes nations adjust to their currency instead of the price of gold The U.S. dollar became a reserved currency • Many countries became free-floating o World Bank 2 institutions • International Bank of Reconstruction and Development o Low and Midd |
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Imperialism
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land = power
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Colonialism
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an empire branching out across the globe (strategically)(expansionism) and colonizing key land points in order to gain resources and land (imperialism)
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Eurocentrism
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viewing the world from a European perspective and promoting European values and beliefs as dominant
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Ethnocentrism
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believing one’s own race or ethnicity is dominant/better than another’s
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Racism
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belief that there are “racial” differences and that certain races are naturally superior to others.
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Social Darwinism
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the belief that Darwin’s theory of evolution applies to a social perspective/the stronger survive and take over the weaker (rationalization)
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Social Degeneration
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the European term to describe the European assimilation into a non-European culture (i.e “gone native”)
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Missionarism
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the Eurocentric view that non-Europeans needed to be “civilized”/spread of Christianity (rationalized/promoted assimilation and marginalization)
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Slavery
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People are bought and sold as property (had to do with ethnocentrism)
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Indentured Service
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people are bound by a long-term labour contract/can't escape (partial slavery)
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Genocide
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the deliberate killing of a large group of people (Hernan Cortez and the Aztec/Pizzaro and the Inca’s)
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White Man's Burden
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the belief that it is the “white man’s burden” to civilize/assimilate “savage” groups of people in order to save them
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Expansionism
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a country expanding outward and taking over/colonizing more land across the globe (beginnings of globalization)
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Exploration
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a country sending out explorers to navigate the world
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Ideological Spread
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the spread of a dominant society’s ideologies across other weaker societies/essentially assimilation
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Militarism
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the belief that a country must maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote said country
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Geopolitics
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the study of geography and how it relates to politics
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Conscripted Labour
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forced labour
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Purpose
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the reason/rationalization for why something exists
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Governor/Viceroy + Bureaucracy:
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an official appointed to govern/1.A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
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Army
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the branch of a nation responsible for protection and taking over other countries (historically)/conducts militaristic operations on land
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Police
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the civil force of a local or federal government
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Interconnectivity
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Countries/cultures are all connected to each other through many aspects
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Push Factors
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Factors pushing countries to explore and expand (ex: food
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Pull Factors
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Factors drawing countries to explore certain parts of the world (ex: imperialism
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Economic Motivating Factors
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Expanding of trade links
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Political Motivating Factors
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Consolidation (alliance
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Social Motivating Factors
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Ethnocentrism (spreading it)
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Control Over Knowledge
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The Catholic Church had control over knowledge after the fall of the Roman Empire (teachings
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Social Structure
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How the different people are split socially/in the middle ages it consisted of nobility
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Birth Right
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What you are born as is what you remain/if your parents are serfs
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Role of Explorers
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The governments would want to hire explorers in order to expand their empire (imperialism/expansion)
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SIgnificance of Exploration
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Exploration helped discover trade routes
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Roman Empire
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The Roman Empire had gained a very in-depth knowledge of how the world worked. When the Roman Empire fell
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Dark Ages
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After the fall of the Roman Empire
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Key Characteristics (Dark Ages)
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Infrastructure links disintegrated
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Serf
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Consisted of 85% of the population during the Dark Ages
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Nobility
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Those of nobility made up a portion of the other 15% of the population during the Dark Ages
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3 Elements That Helped Start Internationalism
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The Vikings’ exploration
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Vikings
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The Vikings were known as the Norse (north) people who explored and conquered most of Europe and were an embodiment of imperialism.
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Silk Road
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A large trade route
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Crusades
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Refers to a series of wars between European Christians and Middle Eastern Moslems. The intent was to “free the holy land” and they lasted from the 11th century to the 14th century A.D. There were at minimum 16 individual crusades called “first crusade
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New Spain
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Took place in Central and south America (anywhere that Spanish is the main language)/The Spaniards came from spain while others were born in the colonies.
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New France
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They existed in Lower Canada and thus traded in and influenced areas around Lower Canada.
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Francophone people who immigrated from France
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typically desperate people who worked as day laborers and wanted a fresh start. Many became poor farmers but when the fur trade hit many gave up farming all together for a career in the fur trade.
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They came from France
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but in terms of economics they were desperate people who worked as day laborers and wanted a fresh start. Most became poor farmers
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13 Colonies
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Significances: The English colonies were a way for England to colonize North America but also for religious groups to seek refuge in a distant and new land. Many of the colonies were economically driven
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Samoset and Squanto
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Samoset and Squanto were both aboriginals that aided the pilgrims in surviving North America/took place during 1600’s/patuxet (Plymouth)
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American Aborigine
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American Aborigine were the first to arrive in North America and they moved to America in small boats.
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Ancient Mongoloids
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The Ancient Mongoloids moved to North America from Asia using the Bearing - Passage that linked. Their descendants are modern Native Americans.They Hunted Mega fauna such as Mammoths and buffalo
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Strategic Alliance/Grand Alliance
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forming alliances to make it easier on yourself
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Strategic Depth
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know what you need to do/defense in depth
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Strategic Value
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cost benefit
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Strategic Withdrawl
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go in
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Buffer State/Client State
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regions who declare neutrality or do not subscribe to any alliance (ex: Switzerland)
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Cold War
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a war fought without military but with the threat of it (i.e. new technologies threatening the other country)
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The Domino Theory
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essentially chain reactions throughout geopolitics
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Encirclement
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when and alliance is formed to block/encircle another region
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Hegemony/Superpower
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creates a barrier (hedge) to which power must stay/helping means creating some sort of power that holds the region
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Isolation
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Strategically isolating one's self from other nations to industrialize/militarize (ex America prior/somewhat during WW2)
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Militarism
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the prinicple or policy of maintaining a large military establishment
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Sphere of Influence
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any area in which one nation wields dominant power over another or others (i.e. part of imperialism)
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Stalemate/War of Attrition
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any position or situation in which no action can be taken or progress made/deadlock
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Status Quo
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the existing state of condition
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Mercantilism
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Main economic system from 16th to 18th century
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Voyageur
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boatmen hired by fur trade companies for transportation of good and people
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Habitant
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an early French settler in Canada
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Peninsulares
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high class in New Spain (born in Spain)
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Creoles
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middle class in New Spain (born in colonies)
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Mestizos/Mulattoes
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lower class in New Spain (mixed decent)
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Africans/Natives
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lowest class in New Spain (from either africa or native to the region/slaves)
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Pilgrims
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separatists from England who opposed the English Church and came to American seeking religous freedom (founded Plymouth)
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Dissenters
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members of a non-established church/pilgrims
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Puritans
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a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship
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