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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discrimination |
Unfair actions directed against people based on their race, gender, ethnicity, nationality, language, faith or sexual orientation (e.g., refusing entry of Jewish refugees into your country) |
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Racism |
Negative behaviour based on an incorrect assumption that one race is inherently superior to others |
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Prejudice |
A set of opinions, attitudes, and feelings that unfairly cast a group and its members in a negative light, without legitimate reasons (e.g., women are bad drivers) |
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Stereotypes |
False or generalized beliefs about a group of people that result in categorizing members without regard for individual differences (e.g., blondes have more fun) |
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Genocide |
The most extreme form of systemic discrimination, by which deliberate attempts are made by authorities destroy an identifiable group (national, ethnic, racial, or religious groups) (e.g., Residential schools, Nazi Germany) |
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Anti-Semitism |
Particular form of individual or systemic discrimination directed against Jews |
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Systematic Discrimination |
Describes a system that favours one or some groups over others in terms of hiring, benefits, promotions, and pay increases |
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Systematic Racism |
Discrimination based on a sense of racial superiority is part of the philosophy and practices of a company, institution, or a whole society |
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Systematic Sexism |
Discrimination based on a sense of male superiority is part of the philosophy and practices of a company, institution, or a whole society |
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Levels of the Pyramid of Hate |
Prejudice attitudes, Acts of prejudice, Discrimination, Violence, Genocide |
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Racism in Canada |
Hotel bookings Aboriginal job discrimination (equal education) |
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Racism in USA |
John Howard Griffin (black pigmented skin) |
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Shooter Bias |
People shoot more unarmed blacks than whites, and shoot less armed whites than blacks that actually have weapons. True when participants are black |
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Hate Crime 1 |
Intense and Impersonal: Target people they don't know and is intense hatred, not anger |
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Hate Crime 2 |
The hatred is based on prejudice and power: Those showing the hatred have power over those they are hating. Positions of power are often necessary to commit hate crimes. The hatred builds out of prejudice and stereotypes |
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Hate Crime 3 |
The hatred is directed at scapegoats for other frustrations: Easily identifiable minority groups on which those with power can lay blame and against they can act out agression (Jews) |
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Hate Crime 4 |
Genocide is an expression of national hatred: Most mass genocides are backed by government or large groups within a country |
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What causes hate |
Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination |
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Gordon Allport |
-A person is shaped by striving from within, rather than by outside environmental forces. -In and out groups -Children and prejudice: adopting and developing -Stereotypes are a way for people to process information -Stereotypes are the foundations of prejudice and therefore the cause of discrimination |
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Frances Aboud |
-Process by which children first learn race awareness , and then reject or accept it. -Social-cognitive theory of prejudice -Children become aware of ethnic groups around 4 or 5 -Parents and society play a large role -Age 4: focus on self -Age 7: Attention shifts to other groups -Age 10-12: Skills and reasoning allow children to reject prejudice |
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What is the white privilege knapsack |
-can be in company of same race most of the time -can go shopping alone without being followed or harassed |
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Perception |
Incoming information is shaped and changed by the personal background and experiences of individuals |
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Image |
Describes how people do not perceive things exactly as they exist in the real world. They instead respond to an "image" of reality, and it differs from person to person |
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Paradigm |
A set of rules and conditions stored in the brain that a person uses to interpret and understand sensory experience. Acts as a filter that information is passed through to create an image. |
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Globalization |
The process by which societies, cultures, politics, and economics around the world are becoming increasingly integrated |
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Economic Globalization |
This refers to increasing integration of world economics (free trade, flow of international capital, etc) |
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Transnationalism |
Implies that organizations operate freely in a number of nations |
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Transnational Corporations |
A business corporation that operates in two or more countries (Nike, Coca Cola, Apple) |
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Transnational Organizationa |
Non governmental that transcend borders in order to collaborate to solve a specific global issue (UN, WHO, IMF) |
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Deterritorialize |
Distinct cultures are no longer firmly attached to specific regions |
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Sphere of Influence |
Area over which a society has economic and cultural influence |
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Homogenized |
Blending of people and culture |
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Modernization Theory |
-Focuses on how traditional (undeveloped) societies change into modern (western) societies -Believes that societies modernize through economic, political, social and cultural growth - “5 stages of economic growth model” -Traditional cultural values are seen as a major obstacle in low-income countries |
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Dependancy Theory |
-Developed countries can help accelerate underdeveloped countries to later stages -Economics and cultures of developing nations are distorted to meet the needs of developed countries -Resource curse (flow of wealth) -Says global poverty is in part caused by the fact that developing countries are exploited by developed countries |
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World-Systems Theory |
-Capitalist world economy is a global system where there is an international division of labour that separates the world into hierarchy of 3 types of nations: core nations, semi-peripheral nations, and peripheral nations -Core nations dominate and exploit other nations -Peripheral nations are dependant on core nations |
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Neo-Marxian |
-Many nations outside the west reject pure capitalism -Views capitalism as negative -Nations that reject capitalism try other structures that often lead to incomplete formation of global status and economic competition |
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Globalization Theory |
-Western transnationals have gained control of global trade and development -Profit flows to the west (companies are from west) -Living standards for most are low |
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Positive and negative aspects of Transnationalism |
+: lower product cost, increased competition -: Human rights violations, leaking of profits |
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What is Alienation? |
-Feeling of separation or isolation - A chronic sense of lacking control over one’s life -Inability to share in a group’s or society’s values --Individuals feel alienated because they do not see themselves fully reflected in the process, structures, and institutions that govern them |
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Powerlessness: |
no input in meaningful decisions |
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Normlessness: |
feeling disconnected from social norm or the belief norms have broken down |
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Meaninglessness: |
life lacks purpose or direction |
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Social isolation: |
close relations difficult to maintain |
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Self-estrangement: |
feeling disconnected from self |
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How might Hip Hop Culture have developed as a result of alienation? |
Because of the alienation in the bronx due to the massive number of gangs and high violence, hip hop emerged in attempts to curb this violence. It led to a sense of community, because everyone was welcome in the culture of hip hop. “Not everyone can sing, but anyone can rap”. |
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Hyperculture |
Refers to the staggering rate of change in modern technological studies |
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Technosis |
An overblown attachment to or dependency on technology |
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Narcissism |
A focus on the self and self-admiration that is taken to an extreme |
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cultural lag |
refers to the fact that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems |
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Revolution |
a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system |
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Political Activism |
the policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change |
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Protest |
a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something |
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Advocacy |
public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy |
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Pluralism |
The belief that there should be widespread acceptance of differences in culture, religion, values, and lifestyle (drinking and driving, smoking, etc.) |
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Social Change |
-Changes in the way a society is organized, and in the beliefs and practices of the people who live in it -A change in the social structure and the institutions of society |
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Deviance |
behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or norms of a group or society |
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Social Control Theory |
-Examines why people don’t deviate -families , schools, etc that serve as socializing agents prevent deviance |
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Negative Sanctions: |
Punishment for those who don’t conform to the group’s expectations (e.g., ignoring or excluding or using argument to try to get them to change their behaviour) |
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Positive Sanctions: |
Sanctions that reward those who behave according to the group’s expectations (e.g., praise, acceptance) |
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Anomie theory |
-A state of confusion that arises when an individual is faced with a conflict of choices in a society that provides no clear guidelines (normlessness) -Once a decision is made, anomie is lifted and mental torment is gone -If individual remains, possibility of deviant outcome increase |
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Strain Theory |
People are more likely to pursue illegitimate actions in order to achieve society’s most valued goals when they cannot access institutionalized or other mainstream path to the goal (crime is higher in poor communities) |
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Containment Theory |
-Interested in the inner and outer factors that “contain” the average person but are weak or absent in deviants -Inner controls: ability to feel guilt or shame, desire to maintain conformity -Outer controls: poverty, adversity, insecurity, deviant companions, deviant opportunities |
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Differential Association |
-People learn the necessary techniques, motives, and rationalizations, and attitudes of deviant behaviour from people with whom they associate -An individual drifts from a behaviour pattern of conformity to one of deviance as the deviant behaviour receives more positive reinforcements from the group |
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Labelling Theory |
Some individuals deviate or continue to deviate after being caught simply because society affixes “devian” on them |
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Formal Social Control: |
Control of people’s behaviour based on written laws and rules. usually associated with the way the state regulates and controls our behaviour. The agencies include the police, courts and prisons. |
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Informal Social Control: |
Control of people’s behaviour based on social processes such as the approval and disapproval of others. enforced via social pressure. The agencies include peer groups and families |
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Demography |
the study of human populations |
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Baby Boom (1946-1960) |
-Lived in a new suburban culture -Received many brand new things (houses, schools, stores, drive in theaters, etc) -New parenting style which was focused on the child’s wants and needs -Counterculture: hippies, many wanted to go against traditional thinking -Work horses |
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Generation X (1960-1975) |
-Distrust in large institutions -High population of gen x, so many suffered overcrowding in school and other palaces -Hard to find jobs (baby boomers took them all) -Face(d) high unemployment, low wages, high living costs (especially rent) |
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Generation Y (1975-1995) |
-It is always hard for young people to get jobs especially during recessions -Have the most marketable skills and will do fine -Many gen-y's don’t have jobs because they’re so picky -Very tech savvy -Criticized for not taking “stupid jobs” -Have much higher debt |
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Generation Z (1996-present) |
-Us -Motivated by meaningful work, not money -loyal -increased mental health issues |
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tweens |
-Ages 8-13 -This age group has been exposed to media which focuses on high school students -Tweens have developed as a distinct demographic as children have become more socially relevant than ever before |
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Adolescence |
-The period of transition from childhood to adulthood -Every culture determines how long it will last -In Canada, usually lasts from ages 12-19 -Developed in the late 1890s during the later stages of the industrial revolution -Economics: teens workers were no longer in demand due to new technological innovations -Many teens ended up on the streets and often got into trouble. |
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Rational Theory |
An individual weighs out the probable legal penalties and potential gains before committing a crime |
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Deterrence |
Reduction or inhibition in deviant or criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment |
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Diffusion |
Occurs when one culture borrows cultural symbols from another. |
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Acculturation-Incorporation |
Results from prolonged contact between two cultures, during which time they interchange symbols, beliefs, and customs. Incorporation is done willingly. |
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Acculturation-Direct Change |
Results from prolonged contact between two cultures, during which time they interchange symbols, beliefs, and customs. Direct change takes place when one culture defeats or controls another into changing. |
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Acculturation-Cultural Evolution |
Results from prolonged contact between two cultures, during which time they interchange symbols, beliefs, and customs. Culture evolves according to common patterns. |
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Tension and Adaptation |
When one part of the social system changes, tension arises between that part and the rest. With adaptation, equilibrium is restored to society. |
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Accumulation |
The belief that social change results from the growth of human knowledge from generation to generation |
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Diffusion of Innovations |
The theory that social change is caused by the emergence of innovations of society |
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Cognitive Consistency |
The desire to avoid attitudes that conflict with each other, which generally results in the ability to live more satisfying lives |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory: |
The theory that people try to avoid conflicts between what they think and what they do |
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Positive Reinforcement: |
A reward applied when people display what society considers good behaviour |
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Punishment |
An action applied in order to stop undesirable behaviour |
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Negative Reinforcement: |
A particular behaviour is strengthened by the consequences of stopping or avoiding a negative condition (the thought of something you don’t enjoy will prevent you from putting yourself in a situation where you will experience the negative situation) |
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Charismatic leadership |
-Large vision, magnetic style, strong popular support -Places great demand on his/her supporters -promises reward for support |
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Condition for social change |
Population ready for change/pluralism |
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Impediments to Social Change |
Traditional values/ expense |
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Karl Marx |
-Workers feel alienated from the products they make and the economic process that brings about production -When workers are given some control over the modes of production, they feel invested in the system -Believed that alienation was a systematic result of capitalism |
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Life Cycle |
the different stages that an individual may pass through from birth to death |
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Peer Orientation |
Children have an innate need to turn to a source of authority, which has traditionally been a parent but is changing to parents |
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Erik Erikson's Identity Crisis |
adolescents pull away from their parents and move towards their friends in an effort to establish their own identities |
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Fledgling Adults (Boomerang Children) |
Young adults age 20-29, who for various social, economic, and/or emotional reasons, do not leave the parental home and transition into adulthood by achieving complete autonomy from their parents |
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factors that influence people to have children |
Marriage, Family values, Education |
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Helicopter Parenting |
Overly involved and concerned parents -Frequently intervene and remove perceived obstacles that hinder the child's progress -Rate of helicopter parents higher for girls -Predominantly mothers who exhibit the tendency to hover |
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Forces that Shape Social Change |
Sports, Aboriginal Access to Education, Barriers to Health Care |
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Restorative Justice |
-“Talking Circles” in a school setting -Can also take place in the criminal justice system |
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Shooter Bias |
People shoot more unarmed blacks than unarmed whites, |
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amygdala |
The part of the brain responsible for fear. It is triggered when we see groups who are different than us. |
