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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Direct Democracy 500s BC |
Ancient Athens allowed every adult male in the city-state to vote on all issues facing the public |
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Feudal Period, Middle Ages 5-15th century |
Traditional Conservatism and traditional economy elitism, inequality, and tradition. King and Church had the power in society. Three Estates. |
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Renaissance 1400-1600 |
Rebirth of new ways of thinking-literature, art etc. |
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Reformation 1500-1600 |
Challenge Catholic church's domination in society. Protestant religion - protest against the Catholic |
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Enlightenment 1700s |
Age of Reason. Challenged the ideas of divine right of kings and brought in the beginnings of liberalism with the idea that individuals have rights and freedoms. |
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Hobbes 1588-1679 |
Belief that individuals have 'rights' that they surrender to an absolute monarch in exchange for security |
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Locke 1632-1704 |
Individual rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Ruled by popular consent, an enlightened monarch. |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 |
"Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains" Believed in the common good or general will should be paramount and in a social contract. |
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Montesquieu 1689-1704 |
The power of government needs to be divided among three separate branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. Executive: cabinet, ministers, pm, Queen, government departments - enforce laws Legislative: HoC, Senate - make the laws Judicial: judges and courts - interperates the laws |
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Industrial Revolution 18th century |
Massive societal changes led to the new thoughts about economics and politics. Rise of the middle class. |
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Adam Smith 1723-1799 |
Laissez-faire, capitalist, free market economics, economic change, with the idea that the economy must be ruled by the forces of supply and demand, or the invisible hand. |
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French Revolution 1789-1799 |
Used liberalism to set up government example: Declaration of Rights of Man. American Revolution- classical liberalism, first Republic. |
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Classical Liberalism 18-19th century |
Classical liberalism developed from the Enlightenment period (it's political parent) and the Industrial Revolution (it's economic parent). It is the idea of protection of individual rights and freedoms with constitutional limitations on the government. Capitalist economy. |
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Luddites 1779 |
Anti-industrial revolution against machines that replaced their labour |
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Chartists 1838-1848 |
Pro-universal suffrage and Parliament reforms. Pay members of Parliament so that not only the rich are members. |
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Utopian Socialist 1771-1858 |
Owen, Fourier, St. Simone believed there should be a more humane society that improved working conditions, share resources by the public to create economic equality and should modify classical liberalism. (Still have a democracy) Provide housing, education, health care. |
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Marxism or Scientific Socialism 1818-1883 |
A radical form of socialism that believes in the idea of class warfare. As a result of the abuses from the capitalism system the workers or Proletariat must develop a class consciousness and rise up to over through the Bourgeoisie to create a temporary dictatorship of the proletariat. Finally the state should wither away and create a classless society. |
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Classical Conservative 18th century |
Classical conservatives like Burke, reacted to classical liberalism and believed elitist, educated people should be decision makers in society. That there should be a limited electorate and humanitarian leader (no trust for uneducated masses.) |
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Welfare Capitalism Early 20th century - 1933 |
Industrialists and President Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt (square deal) believed that they should curb the excesses of laissez-faire capitalism and classical liberalism to preven labour unrest. They allowed unions and legislated better working conditions. |
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Stock Market Crash 1929 |
Due to unregulated stock market and banking industry. This was made more difficult due to an extended drought and lack of government intervention that led to the Great Depression. Everybody was creating debt by buying on-margin. |
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Modern Liberalism/Welfare State 1933 |
Demand-side, Keynesian, or bottom up economics. As a result of the Great Depression economists like Keynes and President Franklin D. Roosevelt (New Deal) decided that in order to create more economic stability the government must intervene in economic depressions with fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate the economy. Through the use of government spending on social programs, lower taxes and interest rates this would put money in the hands of the people to spend money in the economy. During inflationary times government should cut spending and increase interest rates to pay down accumulated debt. |
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Illiberalism: War Measures Act 1914 |
War Measures Act in Canada during WWI was an illiberal action taken by the government of Canada to intern enemy Aliens like the Ukrainians and Germans. |
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Rejection of liberalism or rise of totalitarianism: Communism 1917 |
Communist revolution in USSR-Lennin later replaced by Stalin (Stalin used 5-year economic plans.) The revolutionaries rose up and over through the Tsar during WWI and created a radical Communist state through the use of four techniques of totalitarian governments. Under communism the state controls all political and economic decision-making (what to produce, how much, for who etc.) |
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Four techniques of a totalitarian government |
Force and fear Controlled participation Direction of popular discontent Indoctrination |
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Rejection of liberalism or rise of totalitarianism: Fascism 1933-1945 |
Fascism was developed from an embittered, bankrupt Germany following the end of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles that punished Germany for starting the war, and the Great Depression that worsened the living conditions for Germans-they turned to Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party. He passed the Enabling Act in 1933 which gave him dictorial powers. Fascist believe in reactionary ideas of extreme inequality with expansionism, techniques of totalitarian rule, and a use of 'history' to justify their actions. Wanted to have autarky or self-sufficiency. |
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Appeasement Pre WWII |
Giving into demands to avoid an outcome in this case war. European powers allowed Hitler to re-arm, remilitarize, and annex Austria, part of Czechslovakia with the Munich Agreement, then all of Czechslovakia. They drew the line at Poland. |
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World War II 1939-1945 |
An ideological war between Hitler and Mussolini's Fascism and Japan (Axis Powers) verses Liberal democratic government's who were also allied with Communist Soviets (the Allies) |
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Yalta Conference 1945 |
The beginnings of the Cold War. A conference between the allies towards the end of the war to plan how they would defeat Germany and Japan. The 'Big Three' meet-Stalin, Churchill, and F.D, Roosevelt.
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Atomic Bomb 1945 |
Dropped on Japan in order to end WWII. Also a message sent from the US to the USSR in the rise of tensions between the two countries. |
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The Cold War 1945-1989 |
An ideological conflict between the dictatorial Communist USSR and liber democratic US. These two countries became known as the Superpowers. A cold war because they never fought each other. |
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The Iron Curtain
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Descended upon Europe to divide liberal democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe. THe superpowers attempt to control their sphers of influence. USSR have 'satellite states' set up in Eastern Europe.
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Expansionism
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USSR expands Communism into Easter Europe plus South East Asia and Latin America
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Containment
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Truman Doctrine(military intervention) and Marshall Plan(financial aid) was the American policy of stopping the spread of Communism around the world ex. Berlin Airlift of 1948, Berlin Wall creation in 1961, Korean War 1945-1950 armistice, Vietnam Conflict 1954-1975(draft dodgers and anti-war movement started), Afghanistan 1978-1992 were all proxy wars where the superpowers fought indirectly. The Soviets created the Molotov Plan to finance Communist countries.
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Liberation Movements
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Attempts to liberate countries from Communist rule. Hungary 1956 and Czechoslovakia 1968 etc.
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Nonalignment
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Countries who refused to follow either of the Superpowers. Ex. Yugoslavia (Tito), India, Egypt etc.
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Deterrence
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MAD or Mutually Assured Destruction with the Nuclear Missiles Arms Race. The world lived under the threat of nuclear annihilation.
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Brinkmanship
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Coming to the edge of war. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 between Castro in Cuba, President Kennedy, and Khrushchev of the USSR. When nuclear missiles were discovered in Cuba Kennedy ordered a naval blockade to get the USSR to remove them-they were the closest to nuclear war that we had ever been.
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Détente
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As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis the Us and USSR installed a hotline and began a period of Détente or relaxation of tensions. Reduced weapons ex. SALT I, SALT II, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty etc. Lasted until President Ronald Reagan took power. 1963-1979
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McCarthyism
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A witch-hunt for Communist within the US, it was illiberal government action.
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End of the Cold War
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US/USSR arms race instigated by Reagan that bankrupted the USSR. As the USSR no longer could financially support their satellite states Communism began to fail. In 1989 the Berlin Wall fell between the East and West Germany-the symbolic end of the Cold War
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Medicare in Canada 1960 |
Tommy Douglas started the public school program of Medicare, which was later adopted for all of Canada. This is a collectivist idea collective responsibility.
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Stagflation 1970 |
Economic Crisis due to OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting from the middle east, increased the price of oil resulting in so much inflation that it created a depression. Stagflation has both inflation and a depression at he same time.
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Monetarianism or Supply-Side Economics Neo-Conservatism 1970s-1980s |
Friedman and Hayek |
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Environmentalism 1970s - present |
Want more government intervention and regulation to protect the environment. Don't believe in free-market ideas. Ex. Greenpeace, Carbon Tax idea. |
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Christian Right 1970s - present |
Challenge modern liberal ideas of complete equality rights and want to go back to right wing values. Individualism and humanitarianism (not in the governments role to intervene) |
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Aboriginal Collective Thought 1970s - present |
Collectivism and egalitarianism. In Canada Anti White Paper and assimilation of Indian Act. Nisga'a treaty new government for First Nations. |
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October Crisis - illiberalism 1970 |
In Quebec the French started the Quiet Revolution to gain more rights within their own province. Later nationalism and sovereignty movements grew such as the FLQ in the October Crisis. Bombing and kidnappings led to PM Trudeau to enact the War Measures Act for the first time in peace time, this was illiberal. |
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Emergencies Act 1988 |
The War Measures Act was changed to the Emergencies Act, in order to have Parliamentary approval to enact the illiberal legislation. |
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Apartheid Ends 1990 |
Apartheid ends in South Africa-this was legal denial of Rights to the majority black population there. Nelson Mandela was their first black PM, he had fought for black civil rights and was jailed during apartheid. |
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Rwanda genocide 1994 |
Hutus kill Turtsis in front of Canadian led UN troops, but the world fails to take action. |
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911 2001 |
Extremist Islamic Muslims from Al Qaeda hijack planes and crash into the twin towers, the pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania. |
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USA PATRIOT Act 2001 |
Illiberal methods used to fight terrorism within the US. George W. Bush |
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Canada's Ant-terrorism Act 2001 |
Illiberal methods used to fight terrorism within Canada. Can share personal information with other countries. |
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War in Afghanistan 2001 |
To fight the Taliban government, who were harboring Al Qaeda terrorist training camp. It is a NATO mission with UN approval. |
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Orange Crush 2004 |
Ukrainian pro-democracy movement by the people. |
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US Economic Recession 2008 |
Government Keynesian/Demand-side bail-outs for major financial institutions and industries in the billions of dollars. They also moved to re-regulate the banking and stock market industries (regulations had been removed by the President Clinton and Bush governments). |
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Arab Springs 2011 |
Tunisia, Egypt, Lybia, Syria-people rising up against Arab dictators. |
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Principles of Individualism |
P 71 |
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Principles of Collectivism |
P 80 |
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Parliamentary Democracy or Responsible Government, Vote of Non-confidence overlap with... |
The legislative and executive branches. |
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Presidential Democracy or Separation of Powers or Checks and Balances, Republic, US Electoral College and set elections. |
Are all related and important. |
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Electoral systems |
First Past the Post Representative Representation |
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Will of the People |
* |
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Citizenship |
Different kinds, rights and responsibilities |
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Dissent |
* |
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Egalitarianism |
Or equality of opportunity |
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Individual and Collective Rights |
Charter includes rights plus collective rights like language and aboriginal rights. |
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Viability of liberalism |
Postmodernism, extremism, environmentalism, pandemics, feminism |
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Can liberalism fail? |
Lack of democratic tradition and a stable economy with ethnic conflict and rapid change can cause liberalism to fail. |
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Chapter Issue Questions To what extent... |
... are ideology and identity interrelated? ... are individualism and collectivism foundations of ideology? ... can classical liberalism impact a society? ... did classical liberalism meet the needs of society? ... is the rejection of liberalism justified? ... do contemporary economic policies and practices reflect the principles of liberalism? ... is modern liberalism continuing to evolve? ... and for whom, has the imposition of liberalism been successful? ... should governments reflect the will of the people? ... should democratic governments promote and protect individual and collective rights? ... do contemporary issues challenge the principles of liberalism? ... should ideology shape responses to issues in times of peace or times of conflict? ... should an ideology shape your thinking and actions as a citizen? Ķ |
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How to interpret a cartoon |
P. 1-3 - what is the ideological perspective of the source? What is/are the principles of liberalism discussed in the source? P. 4 - what are 1+ relationships that exist amongst the sources? What is the unifying question that all three sources answer? |
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Know how to spell |
Hitler, laissez-faire, Keynes, Reagan, Proletariat, Bourgeoisie, Al Qaeda, Détente, Roosevelt, Montesquieu |
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English vocabulary |
Disenchantment, disseminates, advocate, stalemate, depict, irony |
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To what extent should we embrace and ideology? |
What's yours? |
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Ideological Perspectives Left-wing to Right-wing |
Communism, Marxism, Utopian Socialism, Democratic Socialism, Modern Liberalism, Keynesian or Demand-side, Supply-side liberalism or Monetarism or Neo-conservatism, Liberalism, Welfare-state, Welfare Capitalism, Conservatism, Classical Liberalism, Islamic Extremism, Fascism |
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Principles of Liberalism |
Individualism, private property, individual rights and freedoms, rule of law, competition, economic freedom, self-interest, accountability. |
