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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interactionism |
Goffman Interactions between people are constantly changing and forming reality Opposes Weber's thought that meanings are not subjective or private. |
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Anti-Theorist |
Goffman Does not have a grand theory because understanding comes through many different interactions. |
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Practical and Tacit Knowledge |
Goffman We use this knowledge in our everyday lives not Practical: Can be taught Tacit: Can't be explained. You don't have to think about how to do it. |
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Live by Inference |
Goffman We work with the info we have not statistically WE treat people based on who we think they are |
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Definition of the Situation |
Goffman When 2 people come together one person tries to define the situation by telling them who they are, what they're about, and what this the manner of the interaction is. This all frames the props for the other person to perform their response. |
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The information game |
Goffman Limited and asymmetric information We know ourselves better than we let anyone else know Play by selecting traits you want to highlight or hide |
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Impression Management |
Goffman We create impressions through expression WE select our expressions to project our desired definition of the situation. |
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The Self |
Goffman Constructed by both the owner and the situation The self does not preexist a situation "It is not men and their moments, but moments and their men" |
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Fronts |
Goffman Instrumentalist approach WE are heavily circumscribed to our roles We have certain scripts for certain situations |
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Ceremonies and Rituals |
Goffman What seems like every day behaviour is actually ritual. We only notice that it is a ritual when someone violates it and makes things awkward. Identifying these helps to expose underlying dynamics |
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Total Institutions |
Goffman Causes a radical break from previous reality Highly regimented, high surveillance, no autonomy. Stripped of former self and new self is created. Creates a self that constitutes the being in the institution |
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Ritual Insubordination |
Goffman Within a total institution there is nothing to belong to so no stable self. To cope with these people act out to have some individuality or autonomy. |
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Dialectic of the Self |
Goffman The more we put into managing our impressions, the more distant we feel from the standards we portray which results in higher standards. Cycle. |
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Merton Sociologist type |
Merton is a functionalist. Views society as an organism with various parts, each part has a function to perform. Some functions are intentional others are not. |
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Merton's Structuralism |
Critique and redevelopment of functional theory Individuals and their actions are anchored in a network of social relations |
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4 social structures |
Merton 1. Genetic 2. Functional 3. Static 4. Dynamic |
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Positive Cumulation of Science |
Merton- positivist Research needs to be based off empirical observations like hard sciences. Keep building upon existing research Use middle range theory |
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The Middle Range Theory |
Merton Series of theories about small groups at a specific time, allowing for empirical observation Challenge to classical approach MRT--> consolidate special theories --> form general concept |
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Manifest Functions |
Merton The expected functions an institution will fulfil Intended consequences |
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Latent Function |
Merton The unrecognized/ unintended functions of an institution Unforeseen consequence |
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Ethnomethology |
Garfinkle Examines how individuals use everyday convos and gestures to construct a common sense view of the world. We don't notice until they are broken |
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Practical Reasoning |
Garfinkle Draws on common sense knowledge to solve problem at hand. Not rational reasoning Can't explain reasoning but you understand it Tacit understanding |
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Tacit Understanding |
Garfinkle The unstated/ implied understanding |
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Competence of Natural Actors |
Garfinkle Social interaction is very complex but we find it easy because we are so well practiced. |
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Sense Making |
Garfinkle Fundamental to social life. Constant use of of background knowledge and always in a specific context. Certain words mean totally different things in different situations. |
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Indexicality |
Garfinkle Any word that depends on context to have meaning (I, here, that). |
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Breaching Experiments |
Garfinkle Efforts aimed at discovering the constitutive assumptions of 'perceivednormality' by trying to disrupt it. People engage in activities that go against social expectations. |
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Social Order |
Garfinkle Contingent upon continuous interpretative acts by the individuals involved. Skillful product of actors |
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Archealogy |
Foucault Seeks to uncover the underlying assumptions that are dominant over a long period of time. The level of what made an event or a situation possible Strict analysis of discourse Find out the historical conditions of possibility of forms of knowledge |
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Historical A Priori |
Foucault A long period of time |
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Epistemes |
Foucault The total set of relations that unite at a given period Makes things intelligible It is not the things you see but how you see it A system of understanding or body of ideas that give shape to knowledge at that time. |
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Genealogy |
Foucault History of the Present Shift away from archaeology to lots of little changes over time, it is discontinuous, it shifts over and over. By going back in time and exposing the lay roots of our our understanding it disenchants (shows that it is arbitrary) Anti-essentialist |
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Discipline |
Foucault |
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Power-Knowledge |
Foucault |
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Panopticism |
Foucault |
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Power and Freedom |
Foucault |
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Anti-Humanism |
Foucault His the goal of his historical analysis is to highlight the arbitrary ways of modern ways of understanding. Humans do not have agency, we are influenced by structures like the rest of nature People reproduce existing discourse and structures. |
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Weaknesses of Structuralism |
Internal coherence, synchronicity, makes it harder to explain major changes over time. |
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Administered Society |
Structuralism Society was subject to ever more extensive bureaucratic control. Efficiency and convenience was the dominant ideology and led to mass standardization Everyone has a role, no one has much autonomy. |
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Technological Rationality |
Structuralism Instrumental Rationality Means to an end rationality instead of action being intrinsically valuable. This is problematic because things have a value separate from their use. |
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Culture Industry |
Structuralism Used to critique mass culture. We are tricked into thinking the mass influences practices but really it is a select few. Bottom up process Fake diversity Never fully satisfy us with products because then we would not have the need to consume. Reinforces common sense form of social control |
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Alienation |
Structuralism Key condition of the success of the culture industry. Exhaustion and a desire to distract from real life, leads to culture as entertainment and distraction We collectively create structures and processes that then escape our control and then come to oppress us |
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Negation and Transcendence |
Structuralism- Hegel Some approaches to society reify social facts, treating them as independent things, rather processes that we can modify. |
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Surplus Repression |
Structuralism Fundemental problem with our era For society to function we have to repress our primal urges. Now, people repress themselves more than they need. Capitalism is the reason for these extra restraints. |
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False Needs |
Structuralism Created by capitalism Constant need for new products Planned obsolescence Tricking people into thinking they have freedom but they are just choosing between set brands. |
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Totalitarian Societies |
Structuralism It is so hard to escape the domination to achieve genuine freedom Rationalization, standardization, false needs stalk us everywhere. Where are we truly free? |
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Synchronic vs Diachronic |
Synchronic: Study a system at a particular point in time. Diachronic: Change over time |
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Langue vs Parole |
Langue: The structural form of language. Power to understand speech through grammar and back ground knowledge. Parole: Specific instances of speech |
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Relational Perception |
Perception through difference Your perspective changes how the whole field looks. We look at the world through a structural framework |
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Relational vs Substantive |
Relational: Meaning is based on surrounding context. There is a field of meanings. Substantive (essentialism): There is an essential essence to what a would means Structuralism is shifting from substantive way of thinking to a relational one. |
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Signifier vs Signified |
Signified: What we understand (concept) Signifier: What we hear (acoustic image) Sign: Unites the concept and the acoustic image |
