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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The concepts of Crime: - There's _______ in laws - Theres's ______ in application of various laws |
- Subjectivity - Variation |
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- Beaker(1963) suggests that deviance has nothing to do with quality of behaviour, but it is merely ______ - What is deviance? |
- A label successfully attached to another -Deviance is the violation of a social norm, it attracts a negative reaction |
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What are some characteristics of a positivist view? What are some characteristics of a social constructionist? |
- They adopt a casual analysis - There's a reality to crime - We can measure the effects of crime - They are based on people's experiences - We have a personal choice on what we view as deviant |
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Define: - Conformity - Non-conformity - Deviance - Crime - Synopticism |
- Conformity: Adherence to norms - Non-conformity: normative violation of norms without reaction - Deviance: Violation of social norms, that attracts a negative reaction (normative violation with a controlling mechanism) - Crime: Violation of codified law - Synopticism - There's no such thing as deviance anymore |
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Define: - Ontology - Epistemology |
- Ontology: How you define social reality. more of a evidence - Epistemology: A way of knowing. more of a method |
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- What does co-variance mean? - What are the 4 main variables for understanding crime and deviance? - What is the weakest link of the four statues |
- Means that 2 things go together - Age - Sex - Social economic status - Visible minority status - Social economic status |
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Temporal sequence suggest that _____ must come before ____. ____ relationship are the most difficult variable to eliminate. |
- Cause, effect - Spurious |
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What are some problems of measure often related to reliability and validity? |
- Unclear questions - Double barreled question - Competent respondents - Long questions |
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Experiments involves _____ and ____ In Calhoun experiments with rats, what were his findings? Hence population ___ generates deviance |
- Taking action - e.g. change of environment - Observing the consequences of that action - The 2 larger cells containing the men involved excessive violence, and passivity - Density |
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Excluding traffic offences, about ____ to ___ million crimes are reported What percentage of those crime are deemed violent? |
- 2.1 - 2.5% - 12% - 20% |
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Describe the crime funnel |
- Starts off with all crimes grouped together, as it goes down the funnel, it starts to shrink. At the bottom, only 3% result in a caution or incarceration. |
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- What is the problem associated with larger size sample? |
- Mistake starts to creep in. Better to use a random smaller sample size |
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Reported crime suggest that? Structured interview involves? Semi-structured interview involves? |
- It is actually lower than it is - Same set of questions in the same order - Semi structured, but spaced allowed to improvise |
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What is that interviewers effect? |
- The characteristics of the interviewer may have an effect on the result of the interview |
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In the book Foucault & punishment, what was the executioners objective? The ____ was the site of arbitrary punishment Crime rates have reduced as _____ have become more humane over time |
- The executioner had to secure a confession - Body - Punishment |
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What are the 2 causes of demonic crimes What are the 7 deadly sins? |
- You're either possessed of tempted - Sloth - apathy, laziness - Anger - hatred - Lust - excessive thought of sexual nature - Pride - love of self - Envy - insatiable desire - Gluttony - over indulgence - Greed - hoarding, theft |
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Define Lex Talionis Define Malleus Maleficarum Witches were identified by _____ According to Malleus Maleficarum those who denied the existence of witches were said to be ___ |
- Word for defining crime/punishment e.g. eye for an eye - Witches were usually women, and torture was a means of proving guilty - Birth marks - Witches |
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Classical reformers such as Beccaria and Bentham viewed demonic punishment as ______ |
- Systemic rage |
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Define the min-max theorem Classical reformers were against the death penalty. They referred ___ more punishment than the _____ derived from the act |
- Every human being tries to minimize pain and maximize pleasure - 1 unit more, pleasure |
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- Punishment must contain what 3 element in order to be effective? - What is the most important element? |
- Swift: Right to swift trial - Certainty: If you crime you are fairly certain to get caught - Severity: Low punishment seems to work best - Certainty, because it guides our policies |
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Bentham proposed that laws could be created when they demonstrated a _______ |
Social harm |
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Who determines laws Who determines guilt |
- Political legislative bodies - Judicial body
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Under classical reformers: Punishments should be ____ Control ______ not the individuals |
- Rational - Behaviour |
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The French Penal Code 1971 didn't allow ___ Changes to the justice systems allowed discretion, and whether ____ could be established |
- Didn't allow the use discretion in determining punished. - Intent |
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What was the purpose of Bentham's Panopticon prison? |
- One person (in a central position) could control the behaviour of all inmates |
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What was Lombroso's explanation of deviance and crime? What was his concept of atavist? What is the difference between atavist and stigmata? What was his conclusion on criminals? |
- Deviance originated in the body - Prisoners had unusual skull types - The prisoners were evolutionary throwback (throwback genes) - Atavist was indicated by stigmata - They were born criminals. It was unfair on them to use the french penal system on them |
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What was ______'s concept of deviance and crime? - Dugdale - Goddard
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- Genetics had an impact on deviance. However he was criticized by Samuel Adams who also found relatives of reputable people in prison. - Genetics had an impact on deviance(feeble-minded girl and good girl children). However, he was proven wrong as the offsprings of the poor would face a harder time in life. |
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Explain freud concept of deviance |
- Everyone has 3 distinctive personality - Id: Instinctive energy - Ego: Balanced - SuperEgo: Inculcation of society's norm - He argued that a overly strong Id may lead to a life of crime |
