Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
deviance
|
refers to any violation of norms; it is not the act itself, but the reaction to the act
|
|
relativity of deviance
|
point made by symbolic interactionists. Because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to some is not deviant to others
|
|
crime
|
the violation of rules that have been written into law
|
|
stigma
|
Goffman: refer to characteristics that discredit people; these include violations of norms of ability and norms of appearance, involuntary memberships
|
|
social order
|
a group's customary social arrangements
|
|
social control
|
formal and informal means of enforcing norms
|
|
negative sanctions
|
actions showing disapproval of deviance
|
|
positive sanctions
|
reward people for conforming to norms
|
|
genetic predispositions
|
born with characteristics that lead them to juvenile delinquents and criminals; low intelligence, extra Y chromosome, body type
|
|
street crime
|
acts such as mugging, rape, and burglary
|
|
personality disorders
|
psychologists focus on conditions within the individual
|
|
differential association
|
Sutherland: indicate that we learn to deviate from or to conform to society's norms mostly by the different groups we associate with
|
|
control theory
|
Reckless: stress that 2 control systems work against our motivations to deviate
|
|
inner controls
|
internalized morality-conscience, religious principles, ideas of right and wrong, fear of punishment, feelings of integrity, and desire to be a "good" person
|
|
outer controls
|
people, such as family, friends, and the police, who influence us not to deviate
|
|
What do our bonds with society consist of?
|
attachments-feeling affection and respect for people who conform to mainstream norms
commitments-having a stake in society that you don't want ot risk involvements-putting time and energy into approved activities beliefs-believing that certain actions are morally wrong |
|
labeling theory
|
significance of the labels (names, reputations) that we are given. Labels tend to become part of our self-concept and help to set us on paths that either propel us into or divert us from deviance
|
|
techniques of neutralization
|
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties
|
|
How is deviance successful for society?
|
Durkheim: clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms, promotes social unity, and promote social change
|
|
cultural goals
|
people have desire to reach wealth or high status or to achieve whatever other objectives society holds out for them
|
|
institutionalized means
|
the legitimate ways of achieving success
|
|
strain theory
|
Merton: people who experience strain, are likely to feel anomie, a sense of normlessness. Because mainstream norms don't seem to be getting them anywhere, people find it difficult to identify with mainstream norms. They may even feel wronged by the system
|
|
What are the deviant paths?
|
innovators, ritualists, retreatists, rebels
|
|
illegitimate opportunity structures
|
gains made by opportunities that go against respected norms
|
|
white-collar crime
|
crime ppl of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occupation
|
|
corporate crime
|
crimes committed by executives to benefit their corporation
|
|
criminal justice system
|
the police, courts, and prisons that deal with people who are accused of having committed crimes
|
|
capitalist class
|
those why buy labor, and thereby control the workers
|
|
working class
|
those who sell their labor
|
|
marginal working class
|
people who have few skills, who are subject to layoffs, and whose jobs are low paying, part time, or seasonal
|
|
recidivism rate
|
the percentage of former prisoner who are arrested
|
|
capital punishment
|
the death penalty
|
|
medicalization of deviance
|
Freud: deviance, including crime, is a sign of mental sickness
|
|
What did Szaz say about medicalization of deviance?
|
mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses. They are simply problem behaviors, they are coping devices, social experiences underly bizarre behaviors
|