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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
aggregate
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consists of individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together (people waiting in a line)
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category
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consists of people who are similar characteristics; unlike groups, these individuals neither interact with one another nor take another into account (college women who wear glasses)
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group
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think of themselves as belonging together and they interact with one another
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primary groups
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Cooley: provides intimate, face-to-face interaction, they give us an identity, a feeling of who we are; values and attitudes become fused into our identity
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secondary groups
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larger, more anonymous, more formal, and more impersonal; based on some common interest or activity; fail to satisfy our deep needs for intimate association (they tend to break into smaller primary groups)
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voluntary association
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a group made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interest
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the iron law of oligarchy
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Michels: how organizations come to be dominated by a self-perpetuating elite; most members of an organization are passive, and the members of the inner circle keep themselves in power by passing the leadership position around to one another; people are excluded from leadership b/c they don't represent the inner-circles values
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in-groups
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groups toward which we feel loyalty
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out-groups
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groups in which we feel antagonism
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reference groups
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the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves
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social network
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people who are linked to one another
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clique
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clusters within a group, or its internal factions
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What are the barriers that separate us into smaller worlds?
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geography, social class, gender, race
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electronic community
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people "meet" online
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What did Weber point out that bureaucracies have?
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1. clear levels with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward
2. a division of labor-each worker has a specific task to fill 3. written rules 4. written communications and records 5. impersonality and replaceability |
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goal displacement
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even after the organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, it still does
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rationalization of society
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Weber viewed bureaucracies as such a powerful form of social organization that he predicted they would come to dominate social life; with their rules, regulations, and emphasis on results, would increasingly govern our lives
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alienation
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Marx: workers being cut off from the finished product of their labor
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corporate culture
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Kanter: contains "hidden values." These values create a self-fulfilling prophecy that affects people's corporate careers
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"slow track" positions
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women and minorities show "diversity" in a company be being placed in positions in which accomplishments seldom come to the attention of top management
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group dynamics
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how groups influence us and how we affect groups
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small group
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there are few enough members that each one can interact directly with all the other members
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dyad
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Simmel: smallest possible group consists of 2 ppl; most intense and intimate
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triad
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Simmel: with 3 ppl, interaction btw the first 2 decreases
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coalitions
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some group members aligning themselves against others
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diffusion of responsibility
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giving help was no more their responsibility than anyone else's
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leaders
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people who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others; perceived as able to lead in a crisis; talkative and express self-confidence
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instrumental leader
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task oriented; tries to keep the group moving toward its goals, try to keep group members from getting sidetracked
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expressive leader
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socioemotional leader, not recognized as the leader, likely to crack jokes, to offer sympathy, help lift group's morale
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leadership styles
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ways of expressing yourself as a leader
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authoritarian leader
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gives orders
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democratic leader
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tries to gain consensus
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laissez-faire leader
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highly permissive
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groupthink
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Janis: collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop. As they begin to think alike, they become convinced that there is only one "right" viewpoint and a single curse of action to follow. They take any suggestion of alternatives as a sign of disloyalty
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