Soci 201- Midterm

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Scientific Sociology?

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The study of society based on systematic observation of social behaviour

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Concept?

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mental construct that represents some part of the world in simplified form

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variable?

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Concept whose value changes from place to place

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measurement?

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procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case

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operationalize variable?

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specifying exactly what it is to be measure before assigning value to a variable

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Reliability?

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Consistency in measurement

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Validity?

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Actually measuring what you intend to measure

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Cause + Effect?

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A relationship where change in one variable causes a change in another

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Correlation?

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A relationship in which 2 or more variables change together

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Spurious correlation?

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apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is cause by some other variable

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control?

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Holding constant all variable except one in order to see clearly the effect of the variable.

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objectivity?

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Personal neutrality in conducting research

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replication?

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repetition of research by other investigators

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Interpretive Sociology?

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Study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to the social world

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Structural Functional Approach-

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directs attention to the way sports help society operate

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Social Conflict Approach (Sports)-

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Games people play reflect their social standing (male + female, race, wealth)

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Sports as symbolic interactionism-

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Hockey=Symbol (Handshake)

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Status?

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Social position a person holds, social identity that helps define relationship with others

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Status Set?

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all of the statuses a person holds at a given time

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Achieved Status?

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Social Status someone assumes voluntarily that effects personal ability + effort (Doctor, Lawyer)

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Most statuses involve...

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Ascription and Achievment

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Master status?

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status with exceptional importance for social identity often shaping a persons entire life (illness)

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Ascribed status?

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Social status someone receives at birth

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Role?

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Behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular status

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Role set?

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Number of roles attached to a particular status

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Role Conflict?

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Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses

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Role Strain?

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Tension among roles connected to a single status

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Role exit?

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Departure from a social role

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George Herbert Mead developed the theory of?

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The Social Self

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Describe Mead's theory of the self?

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Part of an individuals personality is composed of self awareness and self image

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Generalized other-

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Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves

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Lenski developed the term ??

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Sociocultural evolution

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Describe sociocultural evolution?

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changes that occur as a society gains new technology

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Karl Marx theories were based on ?

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Materialism and experience

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Social Conflict-

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Struggle between segments of society over valued resources (Karl Marx)

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Social Institutions-

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Major spheres of social life, or societal subsystems, organized to meet human needs

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Karl Marx would say that the Economy is..

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Societies infrastructure

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Alienation?

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The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

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4 ways in which capitalism alienates workers?

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1. Act of working

2. The product of work

3. From other workers

4. From human potential

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What was Weber's theory?

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idealism which is how human ideas and beliefs shape society

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7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization (Weber)

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*Distinctive social institutions

*Large Scale Organizations

*Specialized Tasks

*Personal Discipline

*Awareness of time

*Technical Competence

*Impersonality

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What method did Emile Durkheim propose?

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Functionalism- small elements functional for a larger society (crying supports social growth)

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Durkheim believed that society..

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Is in ourselves (helps form personalities)

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Derek believed humans need restraint..

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of society to control desires

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Durkheim warned of modernity, this was because..?

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The increase of anomie, society providing little guidance for people

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Max Weber promoted ___ versus materialism

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Idealism

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What proceed did max weber define as a social evolution>

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Rationalization

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What are 5 of sociology's paradigms?

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Structural functionalism

Conflict

Symbolic Interactionism

Gender

Post modern perspectives

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What is ethnomethodology?

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The study of members method, deploy in order to create an appearance of social order

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In the tic tac toe experiment, the rules were..?

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implicit

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The breach of the rules was treated as..

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"Motivated"

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In ethnomethodology, breaches are always

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RECOGNIZED and noticed

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Freud?

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Integration of the personality (early childhood experience is important)

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Piaget?

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Cognitive Development- (Immature-Mature) (I drawed a picture)

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Kohlberg on moral development?

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Most don't achieve the highest level, those who act solely on principles are terrible

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Work entails 4 types of socialization...?

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Anticipatory Socialization, Formal socialization, Informal socialization (learning the ropes), Acquisition of personal role expectations

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What 5 methods does sociology use for collecting data?

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-experiments

-surveys

-historical/ documentary

-ethnography

-content analysis

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What two scientific paradigms does sociology present?

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The hypothetic deductive- Makes predictions and conducts research to test those predictions

Natural observation Paradigm- focused observations and uncovers finding based on those observations

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Nice work

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good job