Soci 152: Exam 3

Front 1

Primary Prevention

Back 1

focuses on improving the general well-being of individuals through such measures as access to health care services and general prevention education, and modifying conditions in the physical environment

Front 2

secondary prevention

Back 2

focuses on intervening w/ children and young people who are potentially at risk for becoming offenders, as well as the provision of neighborhood programs to deter known delinquent activity

Front 3

tertiary prevention

Back 3

focuses on intervening w/ adjudicated juvenile offenders through such measures as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment. goal is to reduce repeat offending or recidivism.

Front 4

The Child Savers

Back 4

focus was on extending government control over youthful activities (drinking, vagrancy, and delinquency) that had previously been left to private or family control

Front 5

House of Refuge

Back 5

a care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment

Front 6

The Quakers

Back 6

created house of refuge--formed the society for the Prevention of Pauperism, which was devoted to the concept of protecting indigent youths who were at risk to crime by taking them off the streets and reforming them in a family like environment.

Front 7

Orphan Trains

Back 7

the name for trains in which urban youths were sent west by the Children's Aid Society for adoptions w/ local farm couples

Front 8

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

Back 8

Designed to protect abused and neglected children by placing them w/ other families and advocating for criminal penalties for negligent parents

Front 9

First Juvenile Court

Back 9

Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899

A separate court was established for delinquent and neglected children

Special procedures were developed to govern the adjudication of juvenile matters

Children were to be separated from adults in courts and in institutional programs

Probation programs were to be developed to assist the court in making decisions in the best interests of the state and the child

Front 10

Kent v. United States

Back 10

Determined that a child has due process rights, such as having an attorney present at waiver hearings

Front 11

Thompson v. Oklahoma

Back 11

Ruled that imposing capital punishment on a juvenile murderer who was 15 years old at the time of the eight amendment's constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment

Front 12

Percent of arrests transferred to juvenile court

Back 12

more than 70%

Front 13

Commonwealth of Viginia v. Malvo

Back 13

○ 2002 sniper shootings in Virginia/Maryland
○ Killings in parking lots, gas station, highway, etc
○ Police caught Lee Boyd Malvo and Allen Muhammad sleeping in gas station (Maryland)
○ Malvo 17 yrs old (Maryland no death penalty if under 18)
○ Extradited to virginia (death penalty if crime at 16 AND convicted in adult court)
• Court decisions
○ Malvo given 6 life sentences without parole (agreed testify)
○ Allen Muhammad sentenced to death (sent to Virginia for other murders)
○ Death penalty under 18 violates 8th amend (cruel and unusual punishment)

Front 14

In re Holmes

Back 14

Minor arrested while driving stolen car.
○ No counsel
○ Not informed of charges
○ Not advised of rights
○ Sent to training school
• US Supreme Court
○ Did not hear case
○ Juvenile cases Civil not Criminal matters
○ Juveniles not entitled to constitutional protection
○ No Due Process until 1966-67

Front 15

Percent of African American teens rating police as “honest”

Back 15

15%

Front 16

Probable Cause

Back 16

reasonable grounds to believe that an offense was committed and that the accused committed that offense

Front 17

Reasonable Suspicion

Back 17

police do not need probable cause only reasonable suspicion

Front 18

Misdemeanor

Back 18

police officer must personally witness the crime in order to place a suspect in custody. petty crime

Front 19

Felony

Back 19

police officer may make the arrest w/out having observed the crime if the officer has probable cause to believe the crime occurred and the person being arrested committed it. serious offence

Front 20

Percent of violent crime arrests for juveniles

Back 20

16%

Front 21

In Loco Parentis

Back 21

state's role as parents

Front 22

Miranda v. Arizona

Back 22

Supreme court placed constitutional limitations on police interrogation procedures w/ adult offenders:

suspects must be told:
they have a right to remain silent
statements can be used against them
have the right to counsel
if cannot afford counsel, it will be furnished at public expense

Front 23

Fourth Amendment

Back 23

right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure

Front 24

Fifth Amendment

Back 24

no self-incrimination

Front 25

Sixth Amendment

Back 25

right to counsel and public trial

Front 26

Eight Amendment

Back 26

no cruel or unusual punishment

Front 27

Fourteen Amendment

Back 27

No state shall deprive of life, liberty, or property w/out due process.

Front 28

Chivalry Hypothesis

Back 28

police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them

Front 29

Percent of juvenile court population that is African American

Back 29

31 %

Front 30

Schall v. Martin

Back 30

upheld a statute allowing for the placement of children in preventative detention before their adjudication. The court concluded that it was not reasonable to detain juveniles for their own protection.

Front 31

Breed v. Jones

Back 31

ruled that a child has the protection of double-jeopardy clause of the 5th amendment and cannot be tried twice for the same crime

Front 32

Percent of African American youth waived to adult court

Back 32

42%

Front 33

In re Winship 1970

Back 33

the amount of proof required in juvenile delinquency adjudications is "beyond a reasonable doubt" a level equal to the requirements in the adult system

Front 34

McKiever v. Pennsylvania 1971

Back 34

held that trial by jury in a juvenile court's adjudicative stage is not a constitutional requirement. does not prevent states from giving the juvenile a trial by jury, but in the majority of states, a child has no such right.

Front 35

In re Gault

Back 35

ruled that a minor has basic due process rights including:

a. notice of the charges w/ respect tot heir timeliness and specificity.

b. right to counsel.

c. right to confrontation and cross-examination

d. privilege against self-incrimination

e. right to transcript of trial record

f. right to appellate review

Front 36

Roper v. Simmons

Back 36

§ 17 yr old planned crime w/ two friends
§ At 2AM broke into house, duct taped woman, drove to state park
§ Threw her off bridge, drowned
§ Bitch killing "because the b**ch seen my face."
§ Arrested and agreed to reenact murder on video
○ Defense: No priors, loving son and brother, AGE
§ Sentenced to death in Missouri in 1993

Juvenile death penalty is in violation w/ 8th amendment

Front 37

Atkins v. Virginia

Back 37

§ Atkins and accomplice stole $60 from airman
§ Drove to isolated location and shot airman 8 times
§ School records showed IQ of 59 (retarded)
§ Sentenced to death by Virginia court
○ US Supreme Court
§ Execution of "mentally retarded" violates 8th Amendment
§ Reversed court decision
§ If executing mentally ill unconstitutional, what about juveniles?

Front 38

Restorative Justice

Back 38

nonpunititve strategy for delinquency control that attempts to address the issues that produced conflict between 2 parties (offender and victim) and, hence, reconcile the parties. Restoration rather than retribution or punishment.

Front 39

Nelson v. Heyne

Back 39

The First Federal Appellate Court affirmed that juveniles have a right to treatment and condemned the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions.

Front 40

Pena v. NY State Division for youth

Back 40

held that the use of isolation, hand restraints, and tranquilizing drugs at Goshen Annex Center violated the 14th Amendment right to due process and Eighth Amendment right to protection against cruel and unusual punishment.

Front 41

Death Squads

Back 41

Common to South America, organized government or criminal groups that selectively kill members of opposing groups and incite fear in these groups and among their supporters.

Front 42

The Hooligan Boys

Back 42

known for violence they inflict at dance parties organized by other young people (Africa). "buy a fight"

Front 43

Reasons for Violence in Africa

Back 43

poverty, ethnic tensions and growing gable between haves and have nots

Front 44

Percent of crimes in Japan by youth under 20

Back 44

45%

Front 45

Beijing Rules

Back 45

Standard minimum rules for the administration of juvenile justice (developed in a meeting in bejing)

Front 46

Sri Lanka

Back 46

6 yrs old to be held responsible for his or her criminal action