Soci 122 Final Exam: Desmond And Emirbayer: Ch. 3,4,6,11

Front 1

The Civil Rights Movement

Back 1

· Collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, non-white disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation

Front 2

The NAACP

Back 2

· National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

· The dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement

Front 3

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Back 3

· First major demonstrations of the Civil Rights Movement

· Few days after December 1, 1955

· Rosa Parks, in defiance of Alabama segregation laws, refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man

Front 4

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Back 4

· Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) gave was to this larger and more powerful organization

Front 5

Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)

Back 5

· Formed out of preexisting networks made of black clergy engaged in political action

· Incorporated into one organization hundreds of politically mobilized young people, many of whom were college students

Front 6

Freedom Rides

Back 6

· Small group of black and white activists from a group called, “Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)”, decided to test the ruling (supreme court outlawed racial segregation in interstate bus terminals)

· Got as far as Birmingham from DC, then were severely beaten

Front 7

Freedom Summer

Back 7

· 1964: 1,000 volunteers from white colleges were trained in non-violent tactics and sent to Mississippi in a massive project

· Two Goals:

o Increasing voter registration

o Bringing quality education to Mississippi’s poorest areas through the establishment of Freedom Schools

Front 8

Selma to Montgomery March

Back 8

· Hundreds of activists lined up in pairs and began the march

· Never made in out of Selma, were stopped with billy clubs and tear gas

Front 9

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 9

· Prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration

Front 10

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 10

· Cracked legal segregation, outlawing discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace

Front 11

American Indian Movement

Back 11

· Activists participated in acts of civil disobedience that involved over seventy property seizures, including a week-long takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters

Front 12

United Farm Workers of America

Back 12

· Labor union dedicated to “provide farm workers and other working people with the inspiration and tools to share in society’s bounty

· Secured union contracts that secured fair working conditions such as rest periods, access to clean water, and pension plans

Front 13

White backlash

Back 13

· Mounted in direct response to the Civil rights movement, a backlash fueled by conservatives and liberals alike

Front 14

Coded language

Back 14

· Right wing politicans used it to defend the white power structure

Front 15

Discursive co-optation

Back 15

· Appropriate the language of the Civil Rights Movement while promoting agendas aimed at dismantling the movement

Front 16

Racially polarized

Back 16

· The majority of whites tilt toward the GOP, while the majority of nonwhite lean in the opposite direction

Front 17

Superficial representation

Back 17

· Process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens

Front 18

Substantive representation

Back 18

· Genuine political representatives and those of nonwhite citizens

Front 19

Gerrymandering

Back 19

· Irregularly shaped political districts to secure reelection

Front 20

Tyranny of the majority

*

Back 20

* the fact that our political system is often steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns

Front 21

Threat hypothesis

Back 21

· Compared to whites who live in racially homogeneous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people

Front 22

Principle-implemenation gap

Back 22

· The disconnect between what whites say they want (no discrimination) and what they do to help (nothing)

Front 23

Felon disenfranchisement

Back 23

· Effective way of diminishing nonwhite political power

Implicit racial appeals

· Two conditions:

o politicians wish to avoid violating the norm of racial equality

o politicians face incentives to mobilize racially resentful white voters

reparations

social movement that need not speak its name

Front 24

New Deal

Back 24

· FDR: several programs dealing with welfare, work and war designed to uplift Americans

Front 25

GI bill of rights

Back 25

· Massive

Front 26

Deindustrialization

Back 26

· Manufacturing jobs began disappearing from the Northeast and Midwest

Front 27

Supply-side economics

Back 27

· Reaganomics

Front 28

Income

Back 28

· Wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid

Front 29

Wealth

Back 29

· Owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, business and farm ownership

Front 30

Segregated labor force

Back 30

history of racial domination in the US economy has left us with a highly segregated labor force i.e. there is still “Hispanic work” and “black work” that is actually worked by a majority of people who belong to these races.

Front 31

Embedded

Back 31

· Economy embedded in society- its history and culture

Front 32

Poverty line

Back 32

· 20% of Americans live below it

Front 33

black ghetto

Back 33

· racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability frist formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century

Front 34

spatial mismatch thesis

Back 34

· holds that jobs that employed large numbers of semi-skilled black workers were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs at the end of the 20th century

residential segregation

Front 35

brain drain

Back 35

· the more educated, wealthy, and privileged left behind families who constituted the “truly disadvantaged”

Front 36

Tribal Sovereignty

Back 36

· The power of Indian tribes to act as semi-autonomous states, designing and running their own system of governance

Front 37

Segmented assimilation theory

Back 37

· Immigrants are absorbed into different segments of the American landscape

Front 38

Immigration and nationality act of 1965

Back 38

· Abolishing national-origin quotas

Front 39

Class privileges

Back 39

what assets immigrants bring with them from their home country like education and multilingual.

Front 40

Ethnic enclave

Back 40

semi-autonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community

Front 41

Opportunity hoarding

Back 41

· When members of one race acquire access to a resource that is valuable, renewable, and subject to monopoly and guard that resource from members of other races

Front 42

Disadvantage breeds disadvantage

Back 42

* since blacks and Latinos are discriminated against when applying for jobs, many have spotty work history. Since they have a spotty work history, they are less attractive to employers…..etc.

Front 43

Split labor market

Back 43

* a split market is steered by the struggles of three groups: the business elite, higher paid labor, and cheap labor.

Front 44

Interracialism

Back 44

· The process of forming a racially integrated political community that works toward a common goal

Front 45

Homosocial reproduction

Back 45

* filling positions of power with people who are like those already in these positions.

Front 46

Welfare

Back 46

* government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.

Front 47

Glass ceilings

Back 47

* unspoken obstacles to advancement designed to handicap members of dominated groups.

Front 48

Corporate welfare

Back 48

* government provisions reserved exclusively for corporations or industries, payments and benefits including grants, contracts, subsidies, tax relief, low-interest loans, and government services.

Front 49

Affirmative action

Back 49

* an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.

Front 50

Lynch mob

Back 50

· Torture to death

Front 51

Vagabond laws

Back 51

· Outlawed begging and loitering

Front 52

Prison boom

Back 52

· Rapid expansion of American incarceration, which began in the early 1970s and continues to this day

Front 53

Three-Strikes law

Back 53

· Intensified punishment for repeat offenses, with many such laws imposing a life sentence for the third offense

Front 54

Bipolar discursive frame

Back 54

· An exaggerated way of thinking that relies on two paired opposites

Front 55

Prison industrial complex

Back 55

· Uneasy alliance between government and private industry

Front 56

Underground economy

Back 56

· Combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law

Front 57

Urban street gangs

Back 57

· Members of which are vital players in the underground economy

Front 58

White collar crime

Back 58

· Illegal activities: fraud, identity theft, tax evasion, money laundering

Front 59

Neoliberalism

Back 59

· A form of social organization in which the dynamics of the market are given priority over other concerns

Front 60

Structural disadvantage

Back 60

· The concentrated accumulation of overlapping and mutually reinforcing social problems in a single residential area

Front 61

Code of the street

Back 61

· Requires them to present themselves as aggressive, hard menaces, who are not to be trifled with and who at a seconds notice could resort to violence

Front 62

Deterrent effect

Back 62

Must weight costs with rewards of the crime

Front 63

Real utopias

Back 63

· Alternative realities

Front 64

Racial intelligence

Back 64

· Logic, rational decision making and good sense

Front 65

Scientization of politics and public opinion

Back 65

· A situation in which “scientific experts advise the decision makers and in which politicians consult scientists in accordance with practical needs”

Front 66

Assimilation

Back 66

· American ideal of the melting pot

Front 67

Hyphenation

Back 67

· Does tolerate outsiders’ qualities and so is less rigid than assimilation

Front 68

Multiculturalism

Back 68

· Welcomes both the outsider and her or his qualities

Front 69

Disingenuous reflexivity

Back 69

not being true to yourself and convincing yourself that you are one of the two extremes “I do not have a racist bone in my body” or “I am so completely racist; I am helpless”

Front 70

Four useful techniques for holding people accountable

Back 70

· Take their prejudices seriously

· Ask people questions

· Do your homework

· Do not turn it into a debate you think you can win

Front 71

Individual action

Back 71

· Requires conducting ourselves in a certain manner within the institutions to which we belong so as to promote racial justice

Front 72

Seven components of successful political protest

Back 72

· Realize you have power

· Build coalitions

· Remember that the insurgency matters more than the insurgent organization

· Exploit weaknesses in the dominant system

· Do not be afraid to break some rules

· Plan for the long haul