Soc. Exam 1 Review

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Critical Thinking

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Objectively assesing ideas, statements, and information.

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Manifest Functions

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Anticipated or intended consequences of social institutions.

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Technomedia

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Newer and more personilized techniologies (e.g. pc, cd-rom, Fax machines, video games)

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Paradigm

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A set of assumptions and ideals that guide research questions, methods of analysis and interpretation, and developement of theory.

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

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views social meaning arising through the process of social interaction (called interactionalism)

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Social Integration

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The extent to which individuals feel they are a meaningful part of society

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ideal Type

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a conceptual model or typology constructed from direct observation of a number of specific cases and representing the essential qualities found in those cases

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Applied Sociology

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uses sociological principles, social ideals, and ethical considerations to improve society

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Conflict Perspective

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views society as composed of diverse groups with conflicting values and interests

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Pure Sociology

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the study of society in an effort to understand ands explain natural laws that govern its evolution

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Sociological Imagination

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a quality of mind that provides an understanding of ourselves within the context of the larger society

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Micro level analysis

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focuses on the day to day ineractions of individuals and groups in specific social situations

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Dramaturgical Analysis

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uses the analogy of the theater to analyze social behavior

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Labeling Approach

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contends that people attach variosu labels to certain behaviors, individuals, and groups that became part of their social identity and shape others attitudes about and response to them

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Mass Media

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forms of comm. that transmit standardized messages to widespread audiences ( e. g. newspapers, magazines, books, radio, televison, and movies

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Feminist Theory

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studies, analyzes, and explains social phenomenons from gender-foucased perspective

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Macro level Analysis

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examines broader social structures and society as a whole

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Structural Functionalist Perspective

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views society as a system of independent an iterelated parts (functionalism or functional perspective

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Positivism

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the use of observation, comparison, experimentation, and the historical method to analyze society

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Latent Functions

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the unitenede or unrecognized consequences of social institutions.

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Theoretical perspective

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a viewpont or particular way of looking at things

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Sociological Thinking

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Asking questions and questioning answers

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Survey Research

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Research using questionaires or interviews to obtain data

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Proposition

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a statement that interelates two or more variables

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Hawthorne effet

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the phenomenon where subjects behavior is influenced by the fact that they r being studied

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Secondary Analysis

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the analysis of existing data

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Operational definition

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a definition that specifies how a concept is measured

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experimental design

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a research design that attempts to discover a cause-and effect relationship btw 2 variables

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variable

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a construct that represents ways in which concepts vary or differ

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experimental group

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subjects exposed to the independent variable in an experiment

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mean

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an arithmetic average, median=midpoint, half below half above

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dependent variable

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a variable that is changed b/c of the independent variable

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independent variable

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a variable that brings about change in another

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Methodology

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the rules and guidelines followed in sociological research

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Correlation

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a mesure indicating that 2 variables are related in such a way that a change in one is accomplished by a change in another

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Theory

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a set of interralated propositions, or statements, that attempt to explain some phenomenon

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Mode

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the figure that occurs most often in a set of data

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Population

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an entire body of people to which the sociologist would like to generalize research findings

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Deductive Reasoning

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Reasoning from general understanding or theory that is then tested through the observation or study of specific situations

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triangulation

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the uses of multiple techniques to gather or analyze research data

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Case Studies

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qualitive techniques that involve intensive observation of a particular person, group or event

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Validity

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the extent to which a technique accurately measures what it purports to measure

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Sample

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a segment of the population

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Control Group

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subjects not exposed to the experimental variable in an experiment

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Participant observation

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a qualitive method in which the researcher systematically observes the people being studied while participating with them in their activities

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inductive reasoning

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the use of specific observtions to develop a general understanding

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reliability

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consistentency of measure

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Causation

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a relationship wherew a change in one variable creates a concomitant change in another variable

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Hypothesis

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propositional statements about the relationship btw the concepts or vars under study

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Research Objectives

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The specific goals or purposes of a research project