Soc Chapter 13 & 14

Front 1

What is a group?

Back 1

Group = A plurality or collectively of people who: have a sense of identity with one another, interact with on another, share a common goal or interest, and have some degree of structure as a result of shared norms.

Front 2

4 qualities every group has

Back 2

1. IDENTIFICATION

2. INTERACTION

3. COMMON GOALS or SHARED INTERESTS

4. NORMATIVEEXPECTATIONS

Front 3

4 stages of group development

Back 3

1.Forming

2.Storming

3.Norming

4.Performing

Front 4

Forming

Back 4

members become acquainted andinitial ground rules are established

Front 5

Storming

Back 5

members compete for attractiveroles and positions within the group

Front 6

Norming

Back 6

membersdevelop (i) acommon perspective about how the group will operate and (ii) a sense of sharedresponsibility for problems

Front 7

Performing

Back 7

members work together as a group

Front 8

Types of Groups

Back 8

(1) In-groups

(2) Out-groups

(3) Reference Groups

(4) Primary Groups

(5) Secondary Groups

Front 9

THE TREND TOWARDS SECONDARY RELATIONS

Back 9

(1) Ferdinand Toennies (1855-1936)

--Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

(2) Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

--Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

Front 10

Small Group Dynamics

Back 10

(1) SIZE OF THE GROUPS

(2) COALITIONS

(3) THE COMPOSITION OF GROUPS

(4) LEADERSHIP

Front 11

GROUP BOUNDARY

Back 11

A standard for identifying groupmembers

Front 12

CONFORMITY

Back 12

adherence by anindividual to group norms or standards

Front 13

MERE PRESENCE affects in TWO WAYS

Back 13

(i) Social facilitation & (ii)Arousal.

Front 14

SOCIAL FACILITATION defn:

Back 14

"Any INCREMENT of individual activity resulting from the presence of another individual."

Front 15

AROUSAL defn:

Back 15

"a heightened state of physiological activity which enhances the general reactivity of the individual."

Front 16

ZAJONC’S Drive Theory of SocialFacilitation

Back 16

(a) AROUSAL either facilitates or interferes

depending on the situation. (b) The presence of OTHER PERSONS increases the level of AROUSAL (c)When a behavioris learned both CORRECT and INCORRECT responses occupy the individual'srepertoire. But the INCORRECT generallydisappear as learning increases (d)Arousal increases the strength & vigorwith which both CORRECT and INCORRECT responses are emitted.

Front 17

ZAJONC’STHREE BASIC ARGUMENTS:

Back 17

(a) When learning is at early stages (ie, more INCORRECT than CORRECT responses) arousal is a deterrent. (b) When there are no significant #s of INCORRECT responses, then arousal facilitates (c) The reaction to the physical presence of others is INNATE rather than ACQUIRED.

Front 18

CONFORMITY

Back 18

whenwe change our behaviorin order to fit existing NORMS.

Prescriptive:What to do.

Proscriptive:What not to do

Front 19

FIVE core reasons why we conform:

Back 19

(i)Reward and Punishment (ii)Reality testing (iii)Social Comparison (iv)Social tactic(v)Similar backgrounds and values

Front 20

(i) Reward and Punishment

Back 20

--> In gen, groups are intolerant of HERESY. The threat of OSTRACISM is often enough to make people conform.

--> COHESIVE GROUPS exert great control over their members--good is rewarded & bad punished. “Idiosyncrasy credits”.

Front 21

(ii) Reality testing

Back 21

--> Personal & Socialrealities are VERY FRAGILE; THUS WE NEED CONSTANT VALIDATION

Front 22

(iii) Social Comparison

Back 22

Manypeople show so much conformity because theylike to be liked. Welike to be liked!

Front 23

(iv) Social tactic

Back 23

"impression management."

==Public compliance =doing or saying what others around us say or do.

==Private acceptance =saying out loud what others say, & believing it inside.

==Ingratiation= getting others to like us so that we may make requests of them.=>eg,making oneself attractive.

Front 24

(v) Similar backgrounds and values

Back 24

Internalization.

Front 25

(c)How Minorities can Influence

Back 25

(i)Be consistent in opposing majority opinions. (ii) Avoid appearing RIGID and DOGMATIC.

(iii) Be in step with CURRENT TRENDS.

(iv) Be a SINGLE MINORITY

Front 26

METHODSOF SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Back 26

=="Foot-in-the-door"technique = following a SMALL request with a LARGE request.

=="Door-in-the-face"technique = presenting a LARGE request followed by a SMALL one.

=="Reciprocalconcessions" = if X backs down from a bigrequest to a small one, Y may feel compelled to grant the 2nd request.

Front 27

(d) Dangers of Conformity

Back 27

Highly cohesive groups are characterized by: }(i) a HISTORY OF SUCCESS and }(ii) GROUPTHINK.

Front 28

GroupthinkCharacteristics

==Irving JANIS

Back 28

(1)an illusion that the group is unanimous. (2) feelings of invulnerability. (3) feelings that group is correct. (4) strong pressure towards conformity. (5) an external threat to the group

Front 29

GroupthinkAvoidance

==JANIS argues: GROUPTHINK can be eliminated or minimized by:

Back 29

(1) holding "second chance" meetings for group members to express lingering doubts. (2) promoting open enquiry & scepticism among group members. (3) having independent subgroups consider various aspects of the problem at hand.

Front 30

THE ALLY EFFECT

Back 30

=Thepresence of a disobedient model significantly lowers harmful OBEDIENCE. The "ally" effect occurseven if the ally does not share subjects' views

Front 31

SevenClassicstudies of Social Conformity:

Back 31

(1) Triplett's (1898).

(2) ZAJONC (1968).

(3) Solomon ASCH (1952).

(4) Philip ZIMBARDO (1971).

(5) Irving JANIS (1982).

(6) Samuel STOUFFER (1949).

(7) Stanley MILGRAM (1963; 1965)

Front 32

(1) Triplett's (1898)

Back 32

Pacemaking

Front 33

(2) ZAJONC (1968)

Back 33

Arousal in the physical presence of others.

Front 34

(3) Solomon ASCH (1952)

Back 34

his research has the greatest influence on our studies of conformity.

Front 35

(4) Philip ZIMBARDO (1971)

Back 35

Prison experiment which showed that ordinary, normal people can do cruel and bizarre things when influenced by implicit and explicit norms.

Front 36

(5) Irving JANIS (1982)

Back 36

Groupthink.

Front 37

(6) Samuel STOUFFER (1949)

Back 37

Ref group dynamics. Stouffer dealt with British WW II soldiers.

Front 38

(7) Stanley MILGRAM (1963; 1965)

Back 38

responsible for most of our knowledge about Obedience to Authority.