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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the application of imaginative though to the asking and answering of sociological questions |
sociological imagination |
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according to Durkheim, the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals |
social facts |
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a concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior |
anomie |
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a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of functions they perform |
functionalist perspective |
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argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature |
conflict perspective |
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social processes, (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) from human interaction.
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interactionist perspective |
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functions that are unintended or unrecognized and have a negative effect on society.
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latent functions |
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refers to understanding the meaning of action from the actor's point of view.
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verstehen |
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the variable that causes change |
independent variable |
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sampling method in which a sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included |
random sample |
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a variable that is held constant in a research analysis
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control variable |
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the firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing |
ethnography |
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degree to which a measurement instrument gives the same results each time that it is used
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reliability |
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values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group |
culture |
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values and norms held distinct from those of the majority |
subculture |
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a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society
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counter culture |
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the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit
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culture shock |
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the practice of judging a society by its own standards |
cultural relativism |
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the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them |
ethnocentrism |
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the social processes through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a sense of distinct self |
socialization |
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the process, facilitated by social interactions, in which non-group-members learn to take on the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join
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anticipatory socialization |
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preparing for the presentation of one's social role |
impression management |
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the self-image an individual forms by imagining what others think of his or her behavior and appearance
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looking glass self |
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a place of work and residence where a great number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, lead an enclosed
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total institutions |
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the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life
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ascribed self |
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a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen
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achieved status |
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social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex |
gender |
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the dominance of men over women |
patriarchy |
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performs jobs in the service industry
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pink collar jobs |
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a relationship that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption |
kinship |
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a socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals |
marriage |
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a form of monogamy characterized by several marriages over the course of a lifetime
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serial monogamy |
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marriage between individuals who are, in some culturally important way, similar to each other
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homogamy |
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a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, ritual practices |
religion |
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describing something that inspires awe or reverence among those who believe in a given set of religious ideas |
the sacred |
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a fragmentary religious grouping to which individuals are loosely affiliated |
cult |
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the system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals in a society |
economy |
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a society based on the production of information rather than material goods |
postindustrial society |
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an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth |
capitalism |
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the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences
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social construction of reality |
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situation in which a person is expected to play two incompatible roles
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role conflict |
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the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together
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social structure |
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a group that is characterized by intense emotional ties, face to face interaction, sense of commitment |
primary group |
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a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behavior |
reference group |
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means by which a group is rationally designed to achieve its objectives |
formal organizations |
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a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure |
bureaucracy |
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the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society
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McDonaldization of society |
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modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a society |
deviance |
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any action that contravenes the laws established by political authority |
crime |
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criminal activities carried out by those in professional jobs |
white collar crime |
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theory argues that in the last 100+ years, there has been a shift in which social institution primary is associated with the labeling/"handling" of deviance and deviants
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medicalization of deviance |
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the existence of structured inequalities among groups in society |
social stratification |
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a social system in which one's social status is determined at birth and set for life |
caste |
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combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.
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SES |
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the self-understanding of members of a social class
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class consciousness |
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a social science theory of the opportunities each individual has to improve his or her quality of life
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life chances |
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movement from one position to another within the same social level
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horizontal mobility |
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changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder
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structural mobility |
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the process whereby western nation establish their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories |
colonialism |
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the economic and political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over other areas or people
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Neo-colonialism |
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theory emphasizes the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of a capitalist world economy |
world systems |
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differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals |
race |
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cultural values and norms that distinguish members of a given group from another |
ethnicity |
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the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group |
prejudice |
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the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physical characteristics |
racism |
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patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into social institutions |
institutional racism |
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the acceptance of a minority group by the majority |
assimilation |
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refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individualas
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racial profiling |
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behavior that denies the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others |
discrimination |
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the means by which power is employed to influence the nature and content of governmental activities |
politics |
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ability to achieve aims by a group |
power |
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a governments legitimate use of power |
authority |
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empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law
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rational legal authority |
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the study of the size, distribution, and composition of populations |
demography |
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a measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce |
fecundity |
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which state that population tends to increase faster, at a geometrical ratio, than the means of subsistence, which increases at an arithmetical ratio, and that this will result in an inadequate supply of the goods supporting
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malthusian theory |
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movement of individuals or groups among different social positions |
social movement |
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an innovative idea or concept is spread by members of the social group through certain channels.
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diffusion |
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the recognition that one has less than his peers |
relative deprivation |
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a society or group characterized chiefly by formal organization, impersonal relations, the absence of generally held or binding norms, and a detachment from traditional and sentimental concerns
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gesellshaft |
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the social cohesion that results from the various parts of society |
organic solidarity |
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notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations
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cultural lag |