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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
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social differentiation
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condition where different people have distinct individual qualities and social roles; a precondition for inequality and stratification
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social resources
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what is valued and scarce, or desirable; what members of society strive for
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social inequality
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condition whereby people have unequal access to valued resources, services, and positions within a society
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social stratification
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the ranking of persons and groups in a hierarchical structure on the basis of various social, and sometimes physical, characteristics
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inequality of condition
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variations in people's actual standard of living
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inequality of opportunity
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differences in people's chances of acquiring social resources; life chances
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Kuznets curve
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Economic inequality increases over time while a country is developing, and then after a certain average income is attained, inequality begins to decrease.
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class
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economic arrangements of groups in a society
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income
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sum of all wages, salaries, and profits from goods, services, rents, investments, etc.
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wealth
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valuable resources and/or material possessions
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation
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achieved status
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a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit
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ascribed status
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the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life
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conservative approach to inequality
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supportive of the status quo; inequality is inevitable, just, functional, necessary, and equitable
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radical approach to inequality
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critical of status quo; inequality is not inevitable, but unjust, unwarranted, and unnecessary
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economic class divisions in the US
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upper, middle, and lower
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primitive communal
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open stratification system based on status/honor, legitimized by tradition, and achieved
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slave system
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generally closed stratification system based on economic rank, legitimized by legal ideology, and usually ascribed
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caste system
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closed stratification system based on status/honor, legitimized by religious ideology, and ascribed
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estate/feudal system
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primarily closed stratification system based on economic rank, legitimized by legal ideology, and primarily ascribed
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class system
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primarily open stratification system based on economic and bureaucratic authority, legitimized by legal ideology, and a mix of ascribed and achieved
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Hebrew prophets
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radical pre-Christian view that denounced inequality and the accumulation of resources
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Hindu priests
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conservative pre-Christian view that social inequalities are divinely ordained
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St. Paul
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conservative Christian view that inequality is sanctioned by god and obedience to authority is necessary
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Medieval church
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conservative Christian view that inequality is necessary for a fully functioning society; society compared to a functioning human body
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Aristotle
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conservative Greek political theory that some men are born slaves and thus their submission to authority is natural and right
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Plato
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Radical advocacy of the communal ownership of property, but conservative hierarchy also necessary
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Adam Smith
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conservative Early Modern view that says the invisible hand (invisible interest is your own personal interest) will make everything even out eventually
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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conservative/radical view that struggle over property is the basis for class inequality and class struggle
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classical republicanism
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submission to the authority of the general will of the people, guaranteeing that people won't be forced under the will of others
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historical materialism
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social change and human consciousness are directly related to economic conditions, specifically the mode of production
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means of production
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the type of technology used to produce goods
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forces of production
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labor power, means of production, raw materials of production
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social relations of production
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relations among individuals with respect to the ownership of productive forces; property relations
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mode or production
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economic base of society, made up of productive forces and the social relations production
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Marx's definition of class
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a group of individuals who share a specific relationship to the productive forces
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exploitation
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condition wherein the organization of work in any society involves relations of production that make the labor power of some individuals the property of others
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bourgeoisie
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Marx's owners of the means of production
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proletariat
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Marx's working class
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power
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According to Weber, the chance a man or number of men have to realize their own will in a communal action against the resistance of others
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social order
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the way in which social honor is distributed in a community
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Weber's definition of class
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people who share common economic interests, life chances, place in the economic order
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class situation
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typical chance for attaining material goods, living conditions (position in life), personal life experience (inner satisfaction); amount and kind of power
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class interest
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interests following with a certain probability from the class situation of the average person
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propertied class
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owning or not owning (renters vs. debtors)
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commercial class
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ability to trade or manage a market position (entrepreneurs vs. laborers)
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Weber's conceptualization of class struggle
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class action is linked to cultural and economic conditions; causes and consequences of class situation must be made obvious; need intellectual leadership for organization of class interests
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status groups
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community of people with a similar level of social honor or prestige based on lifestyle, formal education, and hereditary or occupational prestige
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status situation
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typical component of life; fate of men determined by specific social estimation of honor
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parties
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groups oriented toward the acquisition of social power, influencing communal action no matter its intent
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communal action
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recognizing you have the same interests; action which is oriented to the feeling of the actors that that belong together; united by class-based interests; groupness; based on the feeling of belonging; ex. retirement policy
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societal action
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having the same interests; oriented to be a rationally motivated adjustment of interests; based on status; solely connected to interests; ex. security reform, Tea Party
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mass action
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acting, but not in an organized fashion
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Middletown study of community life
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1924, 1935 study focused on how power operated and how inequality was produced; differences in people who considered themselves working class vs. middle class
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Yankee City study of community life
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1941 study suggesting that the idea of status plays a role in mobility, but status is not necessarily correlated with the money you make
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Davis and Moore's functional theory
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social stratification and inequality are positively functional and therefore necessary in all but the simplest societies
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Davis and Moore's definition of social inequality
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an unconsciously evolved device by which societies insure that the most important positions are filled by the most qualified people
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socioeconomic scales
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measurements of class position such as residential approach, reputational method, Duncan's Socioeconomic Index, Hollingshead's Two Factor Index of Social Position
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occupational studies of inequality
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assume occupation is a very visible form of stratification
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Davis and Moore's rewards
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sustenance and comfort, humor and diversion, self respect and ego
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Davis and Moore's motivation
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duty to perform
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Davis and Moore's determinant of rank
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qualifications are not distributed equally, therefore rewards are not distributed equally
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occupational prestige
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measure of the subjective valuations of the social standing of any occupation
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occupational status
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measures the objective socioeconomic conditions associated with holding a particular occupation
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status attainment
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the allocation of individuals into positions within the occupational or income structure as a result of both ascription and achievement
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Blau and Duncan model
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status attainment model showing that men who held high-status jobs were usually able to give their sons more years of quality education than those who didn't hold high-status jobs
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Wisconsin model
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status attainment model consisting of eight characteristics that most effectively linked socio-economic background and status attainment
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aspiration
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assessment of one's desires, abilities, and the character of opportunity structure leading to the formulation of preferences
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expectations
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aspirations that have been tempered by the realities of available opportunities and perceived capabilities
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habitus
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subjective dispositions reflect class - the way a person talks, taste in clothes, art, etc.
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culture
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works to reproduce the class structure
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economic capital
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monetary resources, assets, property, wealth, etc.
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cultural capital
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knowledge in its broadest sense; ex. education, high culture, manners, interview skills
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social capital
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mutual obligations embodied in social network; ex. recommendation from professor
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stereotype threat
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threat of being viewed through the lens of negative stereotype or fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm the stereotype
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capital
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value accumulated over time and capable of yielding future benefits
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distinction
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aesthetic dispositions are internalized at an early age and guide the young toward the behaviors that are suitable for them
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taste
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ability to differentiate among cultural objects and to appreciate them differently
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network theory of information flow
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things can be diffused to a large number of people when passed through weak ties rather than strong ones
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strength of weak ties hypothesis
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those to whom we are weakly tied are more likely to have access to information about jobs different from that which we receive
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small world study
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study that showed the linkage between strength of ties and status attainment is indirect; strength of ties depends on whether connections are to people higher in social hierarchy; weaker ties reach out vertically
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structural hole theory
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there are greater advantages to being the broker in relations between people otherwise disconnected in the social structure
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bridging tie
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any connection that allows you to jump from your circle to another network of relationships
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