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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In societies dominated by the bourgeoisie, people are bound together principally by ties of sentiment and personal loyalty.
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Marx and Engels say that the bourgeoisie is a deeply conservative class, which freezes production into unchanging and final forms
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Marx and engels portray the bourgeoisie as an inherently international class
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society falls into commercial crisis, Marx and Engels say, when the bourgeoisie under-produces; when there is too little industry, too little commerce
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Marx and Engels say that modern factory workers, like soldiers in industrial armies, are despotically ruled
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Marx and Engels say that the growing maturity of the bourgeois mode of production stabilizes wages and makes proletarian life less precarious
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Marx and Engels say that proletarian unity is disrupted, but not altogether destroyed, by competition between workers
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Pauperism in modern society, according to Marx and Engels, develops even more rapidly than wealth
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Mauss was inspired to reflect on money by documents published by German missionaries
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Mauss denies that the Ewe concept of dzo is linked to pearls or cowry shells
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In Melanesia, according to Mauss, the word "mana" is directly linked to money
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Mauss believes that the symbolic power of sacred talismans rendered them suitable to represent buying power as well
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Talismans have been used by tribal chieftains to compel their underlings to render service to them
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Mauss believes that that prestige of talismans enables their owners to wield authority over others.
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Mauss regards the value of gold as inherent in gold, not in people's ideas or attitudes
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Delafosse disagrees with Mauss about the meaning of dzo
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Seashells have been valued highly in many places, including Ecuador, Australia, and Africa
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Mauss disagrees with economists who say that expectations can be quantified
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Oualid disagrees that herds of animals have ever been used as money
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Oualid argues that belief is an individual rather than a social phenomenon
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Pirou says that (except for economists) most people continue to believe that gold coins are intrinsically valuable
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Pirou agrees with Keynes that gold is an outdated fetish
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Mauss says that most salt in Africa is produced by cooperative labor under benign conditions in easily worked, easily accessible salt marshes
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Cohen says that, like gold or silver, salt rods can be divided into many small units of value
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In London, "the city" is the old part of town, where sober business is connected without a display of elegance or ostentation
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London is so completely a business community, Tristan says, that the aristocracy stays away from the city entirely, preferring country life
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Tristan says that french laws before Napoleon had initiated "the liberation of women"
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the Irish orator O'Connell was an imposing figure, as physically striking and elegant as he was eloquent.
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Marx later said, in Capital, that factory production in manufacturing turns workers into "appendages to machines." Tristan saw matters similarly
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Bread, for the proletarian, is a necessity, not a luxury
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Tristan says the people dominate machines, not vice versa.
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Tristan said that stokers, in the furnace rooms of the great factories, rest only a few hours between shifts
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The sociologist Emile Durkheim stressed that interactions between people can have "vivifying" effects. Asch would agree with Durkheim about this.
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Asch says that "dependence" is a brute material fact, not a matter of psychology or mutual understanding
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Asking and answering test questions would count as social action by Asch's definition
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Sympathy, for Asch, consists of experiencing an emotion identical to one we see someone else experience.
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Asch says that retaliating against an aggressor is no different than BEING an aggressor
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Asch would agree that, by working, people change the world around them; but he would deny that, by working, people change themselves.
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Asch disagrees with those who consider work to be the "formative principle" of societies
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When two people carry a couch into a dormitory, their joint effort embodies what Asch calls a "unity of action"
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Asch says that the accomplishment of a "bucket brigade" is ultimately "more than and different from" the sum of individual efforts by brigade members
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Asch would regard the case of two boys carrying a log that neither could carry alone as an example of the "simplest form" of cooperation
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Asch says that perfect knowledge of the members of a group, as private individuals, would enable us to accurately predict the group's action
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Asch would regard basketball as a kind of competition within a wider framework of cooperation, in which two teams cooperate to computer
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Asch says that a dollar bill is a "social thing"
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Objects have properties only in themselves, Asch says, NOT in their "relation" to us, as well
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Facebook, Iphones, 120 Budig, and the Space Shuttle would all count, for Asch , as objects designed for specifically social aims and uses
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Asch says that only objects made by people can be social facts. This would include houses and tenement buildings but not sunlight, airwaves or clouds
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Tristan says that she was the very first writer to call attention to the poverty and wretchedness of the working class
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Tristan estimates that 40-50 million working class members in France are "exasperated" by suffering and despair
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Tristan advises the workers to wait patiently for the government to consider and heed the justice of their demands
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For Tristan, one key role of the Workers Union would be to provide institutional care for the found, the old, and the disabled
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The anarchist Peter Kropotkin later became famous as an advocate of "mutual aid." Tristan advocated aged something similar
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Tristan feels that the best way to reach workers is to improve their literacy by increasing school funding
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Tristan agrees, in Note 2 at the end of Chapter 1, that the Saint-Simonian phrase "the most populous and poorest class" is just as good a definition of the working class as her own definition
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Small, face-to-face groups, Tristan says, are the only associations that give workers a chance of escaping poverty and ignorance.
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Tristan sympathized with the Irish in their struggle with their colonial conquerors, their British "lords and masters"
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The Charter of 1830 omits one essential right, Tristan says - the right to work
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Even the most perfect book, Tristan says, cannot produce positive results all by itself
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Tristan says that the destructive power of the French revolution of 1789 was actually quite small and limited
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Tristan advocates what she calls a "humanitarian" point of view
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Tristan praises Louis Blanc for defending the working class and upholding the "necessity" of labor organization
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The only fair wage policy, Tristan says, is to pay everyone equally
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Tristan asks her "brother" workers to carefully consider how women's concerns affect their own material interests
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La Boetie says that tyrants fall when people simply refuse to obey them any longer
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Children naturally obey their parents, La Boetie says, but adults naturally obey reason
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People are intended by nature, La Boetie says, to attach each other like armed robbers
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La Boetie says that variations in climate render people either fit or unfit for sunjection
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Even when multitudes dislike a tyrant, La Boetie says, they may refrain from rebellion because they don't realize that others share their feelings
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La Boetie sympathizes with anyone who plots against emperors, even if they are motivated only by the wish to become emperors themselves
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La Boetie sees no point in overthrowing a tyrant if tyranny s retained
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La Boetie says that people who accept subjection to a ruler fight with rest outage, if not for themselves, at least for their rulers
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Dictators are seldom secure until they have eliminated those "of any worth" who could challenge them
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"Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown," as William Shakespeare wrote. La Boetie would disagree, arguing that even tyrants have little to fear from their people
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La Boetie laments how readily the public accepts dishonorable bribes and insults
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La Boetie says that even unjust rulers often give their people more they ever take from them
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Julius Caesar was a rarity, La Boetie says - - a praiseworthy tyrant.
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It is often said that Nero bought public loyalty with "bread and circuses." La Boetie makes a very similar point, though in different language.
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La Boetie praises the Spartans for rejecting Persian offers of power and privilege.
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La Boetie says it would be "presumptuous" of him to accuse the French of believing in myth and magic as the ancients did
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The first independent Rwandan regime, led by Kayibanda, won lasting popularity by establishing a multi-party democracy.
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Over one million households in Habyarimana’s Rwanda belonged to “cellules” of about 100 households each.
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Women grew most of the coffee in Habyarimana’s Rwanda.
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The system of forced coffee cultivation in Rwanda broke down when
people simply refused to participate any longer. |
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The Arusha Accord of 1993 would have given the RPF control over nearly
25% of Rwanda’s ministries. |
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The word “Tutsi” means “fearsome archer” or, more generally, “foe.”
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Both “land chiefs” and “cattle chiefs” were exclusively Tutsis, not Hutus.
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Very few Rwandan peasants at the time of the genocide owned radios.
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Rootless youth who migrated to the cities organized “moral purity”
brigades that banned drunkenness and brawling. |
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Seven in ten Rwandan genocide survivors were women.
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Among “non-rescuers,” the Oliners distinguish “actives” (who said that they had fought the Nazis) from “bystanders” (who kept to themselves).
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The Oliners say that people who find gratification in helping others are not really altruistic, even if they seek no reward or recognition and they risk more than they gain.
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People in every nation that fell under Nazi domination (Poland, France, Holland, etc.) were equally likely to witness Nazi brutality personally.
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Most rescuers lived alone with few neighbors and did not worry that their efforts would be disclosed or discovered by anyone close to them.
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Rescuers were more likely than others to belong to networks and families that they had reason to think would help and support them.
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Most rescuers volunteered their help, without waiting to be asked.
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According to the Oliners, rescuers “simply happened” to have more opportunities to help Jews than non-rescuers did.
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Poles were “shocked” when they fell to the Nazis; the French were more likely to feel “despair.”
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Values of “economic competence,” the Oliners say, are often linked with materialism and may be linked to conformism and ethnocentrism, too.
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Bystanders were substantially more likely than rescuers to report that their parents had demanded obedience from them.
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According to Ross, “dispositions” include culturally learned responses to people outside the community.
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LeVine says that many social scientists rejected the once-popular idea that watered-down psychoanalytic theory could resolve major world problems.
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Ross describes Freud’s theory as “reductionist.”
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Ross says that infants strive exclusively to fulfill their physical cravings.
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Linus, in the comic strip Peanuts, almost always carries a blanket. Winnicott
would call this blanket a “transitional object.” |
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Ross says that, because the human capacity to form intimate bonds with
others is innate, it cannot be damaged by a lack of early nurturance. |
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Ross says that harsh physical and emotional experiences in childhood induce
feelings of guilt and anxiety. |
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Ross says authoritarian personality theory, like orthodox psychoanalytic
theory, rejects the idea that severe child training leads to later aggressivity |
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For Ross, loving child-rearing is simply the opposite of harsh socialization.
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Ross says that “diluted marriage” is almost completely unknown in
patrilocal, polygynous cultures. |
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According to Whiting & Whiting, children develop unusually authoritarian and
aggressive tendencies in societies where fathers play remote and unsympathetic roles in child rearing and family life. |
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Ross says that psychocultural theory is extraordinarily effective in explaining
why SPECIFIC social groups become targets of hostility. |
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50% or more of the Ss in the obedience experiment obeyed the orders they were given completely in every version of the experiment.
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Elms & Milgram note that Ss occasionally failed to obey the experimenter even when they couldn’t see or hear the victim’s protests.
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Half of Elms’ & Milgram’s test subjects were men and half were women.
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Ss were paid to participate in the Elms & Milgram personality study.
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Elms & Milgram gave their subjects personality tests (including the MMPI
and the California F Scale) and they also interviewed them. |
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Ss were interviewed mainly about the hot button issues of the day – the
Vietnam war, the civil rights movement, nuclear testing, and the Cold War. |
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S’s were asked to complete “semantic differential” scales” that included
references to parents, employers, and the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. |
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Obedient Ss scored higher than defiant Ss on the California F Scale even
when education was removed from consideration. |
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The authors regret that they did not ask Ss who had served in the
military whether they had ever actually fired a gun at an enemy soldier. |
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Nearly half of the Ss had been on active duty in the military at one time.
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Obedient Ss sympathized with their victims, and even “glorified” them.
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Elms & Milgram say that, overall, obedient Ss appear to be more likely to “easily” accept the idea of injuring others than defiant Ss.
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Like Adorno et al., Elms & Milgram found that overconformity tends to accompany underlying destructiveness toward established authority.
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Elms & Milgram reject the argument that highly obedient Ss are in any way ambivalent towards authority.
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Elms & Milgram deny that the details of their study permit us to picture the obedient S as an authoritarian personality.
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Elms & Milgram found that obedient Ss obeyed in specific cases even though, in general, they did not like command-obedience situations in the abstract.
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Until Morgan wrote about them, the Iroquois were an obscure and neglected people.
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Tooker says that Iroquois clans claimed to be descended, not from totemic ancestral founders, but from stars and other celestial bodies.
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Five tribes united to form the “League of the Iroquois,” with a council of 50 chiefs.
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Newly chosen Iroquois chiefs were given the names of their deceased predecessors.
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Iroquois decisions were binding only if they were reached by consensus.
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Every clan in every Iroquois tribe had at least one chief.
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Tooker says that, by choosing the chiefs, Iroquois women acted as the
ruling political power in their society. |
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The Iroquois “Three Sisters” were angelic but avenging divinities to
whom the Iroquois prayed for good fortune in war. |
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The Iroquois lived semi-settled, semi-nomadic lives.
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Tooker says that the Iroquois posited “reciprocal obligations” between
chiefs and the people, between spirits and humans, and between men and women. |
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Iroquois villages were regarded as pre-eminently female domains.
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Iroquois women, upon marriage, left their original homes to move in
with their husbands. |
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The typical Iroquois man lived in a single longhouse from childhood to
old age. |
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Iroquois chiefs could not assume that their sons would succeed them.
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McDougall defined instinct as a "rigidly fixed motor response."
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Freud saw aggression as an occasional response to a specific stimulus,
not an organic feature of human nature. |
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Fromm's view is that aggression is NOT a biologically given and
spontaneously flowing impulse. |
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Fromm says many people "prefer" to believe that violence and the
dangers of nuclear war spring from uncontrollably biological roots. |
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Fromm says that population density in the Paleolithic era sharply
intensified competition between tribes for food and space. |
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Lorenz said that, if society reorganized itself to eliminate the major forms
of aggression, the aggressive instinct would fade away. |
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Freud and Lorenz agree that aggressively letting of steam is healthy.
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Lorenz says that damming up aggression is especially dangerous among
people who know, understand, and like each other. |
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Fromm doubts that a goose or fish has a "self" in the human sense.
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According to Lorenz, friendship is found only in species with highly
developed intra-species aggression. |
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Lorenz says that instinctive inhibitions are unalterable.
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Freud's letter to Einstein in 1933 was critical of pacifism and immodest
about Freudian theory. |
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Fromm agrees that the best antidote to aggression is personal
acquaintance with your potential enemies. |
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Fromm says that one way to reduce or even eliminate aggressiveness is
to reduce insecurity, greed, and narcissism. |
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Lorenz calls himself a patriot, loyal to his home country.
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Fromm praises humanistic educators in Germany for their efforts to
promote peace. |
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“Popeye” cartoons show a hero whose strength comes from eating spinach; repeating this message over and over again can be seen as a kind of “positive reinforcement” for eating spinach.
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Fromm says that Skinner is very clear about the goals and values that people should be conditioned to internalize.
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Fromm says that the supreme norm of "technotronic society" is also the fullest realization of humanistic values.
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Skinner says that, in relations between masters and slaves, "control" is not one-sided but mutual.
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Skinner believes that appeals to self-interest can be powerful enough to determine behavior "completely."
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The psychologist A. H. Buss, like other behaviorists, believes that “intention” is the most important of all psychological concepts.
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Fromm says observable behaviors are the only valid scientific data.
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Milgram's experimental subjects were exclusively ill-educated and poorly
paid workers. |
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Milgram's subjects were allowed to decide for themselves how much
voltage to administer when they shocked the learner. |
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Fromm says that Milgram's experiment revealed not only obedience and
conformity but cruelty and destructiveness. |
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Zimbardo placed 90 of his test subjects in the role of prison guards, and another 90 were placed in the role of prisoners.
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Fromm regards the Zimbardo experiment as an extreme example of the humiliation and degradation of test subjects.
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Fromm says that his own empirical research shows that the percentage of unconscious sadists in an average population is not zero.
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Fromm says that Zimbardo's thesis is confirmed by data from Hitler's concentration camps.
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Bettelheim says that apolitical middle-class prisoners in the concentration camps tended to submit unquestioningly.
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Frustration-aggression theory, Fromm says, claims to have found a general explanation of aggression.
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Asch says that society has always deliberately and extensively attempted to "engineer" consent and manipulate opinion.
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Bernheim regarded "suggestibility" as the opposite of hypnosis.
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Tarde rejected the idea that people can be viewed as "somnambulists."
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Asch questions whether people's opinions are truly as "watery" as
investigators sometimes think. |
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Asch says "dissenters" reacted with surprise, worry, and embarrassed smiles when they found themselves disagreeing with the majority.
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The "dissenting" subject was actually a confederate who helped Asch deceive the rest of the experimental group.
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Asch stopped the experiment and discounted the results if the subject appeared to suspect that the majority was colluding against him.
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Nearly two-thirds of Asch's subjects resisted the majority and stayed true to their own opinions.
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Asch says the most highly compliant subjects agreed with the majority "nearly" all the time.
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Many extremely compliant subjects regarded the OTHERS in the group as "sheep."
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Asch always asked the majority make only the most plausible errors.
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When, after six trials, minority subjects lost the support of former allies,
they remained just as independent as they had been before. |
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Minority subjects became just as submissive when their supporters
"deserted" to the majority as when they simply left the experiment. |
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Asch says that people "surrender" their independence when they yield to
the dictates of conformity. |
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Asch says that his experimental results justify the deepest pessimism.
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Asch warns against underestimating the human capacity for
independence. |
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