Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Subjectivity
(df, 2) |
1. People possess subjectivity
2. a complex of individual perceptions, motivations, ideas, and really messy things like emotions |
|
IQs in identical twins
|
The impact of growing up in poverty (an environmental effect) completely offset the effects of heredity. Nature, Nurture, and class matter. Poor twins show greater differences in IQ than do middle class twins, whose IQs are very similar. By Turkheimer
|
|
Data
(df) |
Science requires the use of data. Data refers to formal and systematic information, organized and coherent
|
|
Verstehen
(df, 4) |
1. Max Weber
2. Inductive reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general. 3. This is what Weber called verstehen, a method that uses "intersubjective understanding" 4. Meaning, you use your own abilities to see the world from others' point of view |
|
How to choose a method
|
Actually, the methods that sociologists use to study sociological problems depend more on the kind of problem we want to study than whether one method is better than any other
|
|
Quantitative methods
(df) |
Using quantitative methods, one uses powerful statistical tools to help understand patterns in which the behaviors, attitudes, or traits under study can be translated into numerical values
*rely on deductive reasoning |
|
Qualitative methods
(df) |
Qualitative methods often rely on more inductive and inferential reasoning to understand the texture of social life, the actual felt experience of social interaction
*thought of as less scientific |
|
Research in the social sciences follows eight basic steps:
|
1. choosing an issue
2. defining the problem 3. reviewing the literature 4. developing a hypothesis 5. designing a project 6. collecting data 7. analyzing the data 8. reporting the findings |
|
Hypothesis
(df) |
A hypothesis predicts a relationship between two variavles, independent and dependent
|
|
Independent variable
(df) |
An independent variable is the event or item in your experiment tht you will manipulate to see if that difference has an impact
|
|
Dependent variable
(df) |
1. depends on, or is caused by, the independent variable
2. what gets measured in an experiment 3. the change to the dependent variable that constitutes your results |
|
Data must be:
(2) |
1. valid
2. reliable |
|
Validity
(df) |
Validity means that your data must actually enable you to measure what you want to measure
|
|
Reliability
(df) |
Reliability means that another researcher can use the same data you used and would find similar results
|
|
Do sociologists conduct experiments?
|
Sociologists rarely conduct experiments
|
|
Sociologists engage in the following types of research
(4) |
1. observation
2. interviews 3. surveys 4. content analysis |
|
Literature review
(df) |
Carefully examines all available research already done on a topic or at least a systematic sample of that research
|
|
Milgram's experiment
(df) |
The subject ("teacher") was asked to give the "learner" an electrical shock when he got an answer wrong. 2/3 gave shocks that would have been lethal to learners. The only did it because they were asked to
|
|
Self-fulfilling prophesy experiement
(df, 2) |
1. Rosenthal and Jacobson
2. Hypothesized that teachers' expectations were actually the ause of student performance |
|
Participant observation
(df, 2) |
1. requires that researcher participate in the activities of the people he is studying AND observe
2. many participant observers conceal their identity to blend in better |
|
Correlation
(df) |
A correlation, or some relationship between the two phenomena, doesn't necessarily mean that one is the cause of the other
|
|
IRB
(df, 2) |
1. institutional review board
2. every research project that goes through a university must pass the inspection of an IRB, which has strict guidelines to protect test subjects |
|
Research must guarantee:
(7) |
1. informed consent
2. continuous consent 3. confidentiality 4. anonymity 5. freedom from deception 6. freedom from harm 7. protected groups |
|
Ethnography
(df, 2) |
1. field method most often used by anthropologists
2. don't try to be a participant but try to understand the world from the point of view of the people whose lives you are interested in and attempt to put your own values and assumptions about their activities "on hold" |
|
Surveys
(df) |
Surveys are the most common method that sociologists use to collect information about attitudes and behavior
|
|
Most common form of scale for a survey question
|
Likert scale: arranges possible responses from lowest to highest (5 or 7 points)
|
|
Sample
(df) |
Sociologists take a sample (or a subset) of the population they want to study
|
|
Random sample
(df) |
Asks a number of people, chosen by an abstract and arbitrary method. Each person has an equal chance of being selected
|
|
Secondary analysis
(df) |
Involves reanalyzing data that have already been collected.
|
|
Generalizability
(df) |
When two researchers find the same results, the similar conclusions actualy strengthen the generalizability of the findings of each
|
|
Content analysis
(df) |
Usually not a quantitative method but istead involves an intensive reading of certain "texts"
|
|
Predictability
(df) |
Refers to the ability to generate testale hypotheses from data and to "predict" the outcomes of some phenomenon or event
|
|
Causality
(df) |
Refers to the relationship of some variable to the effects it produces
|