Soc 100 Exam 2

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Status

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socially defined position in a group or society

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Social differentiation

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the process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society.

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Social Stratification

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a relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement insociety by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth.

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estate system

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the ownership of property and the exercise of power is monopolized by an elite who have total control over societal resources

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caste system

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one's place in the stratification system is an ascribed status

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class system

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status partialy determined by achieved statuses

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social class

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the social structural position a group holds relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society

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life chances

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the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class

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Ideology

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belief systems that support status quo

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Three dimensions to straification according to Marx

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Class
Status
Party

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Social mobility

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a person's movement over time from one class to another

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status attainment

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the process by which people end up in a given position in the stratification system

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Socioeconomic status

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derived from income, occupational prestige and educational attainment

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Income

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the amount of money a person receives in a given period

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prestige

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the value others assign to people and groups

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occupational prestige

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the subjective evaluation that people give to jobs

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educational attainment

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measured as the total years of formal education

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urban underclass

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the lowest class

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Wealth

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the monetary value of eveything one actually owns

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class consciousness

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the perception that a class structure exists and the feeling of shared identification wih others in one's class

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false consciousness

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the class consciousness of subordiate classes who have internalized the view of the dominant class

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two types of mobility

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inter and intra-generational

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poverty line

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the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household

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feminization of poverty

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the increasing proportion of the poor who are women and children

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culture of poverty

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the major causes of poverty are welfare dependancy, the absence of work values and the irresponsibility of the poor

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ethnic group

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a social category of people who share a common culture.

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race

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a group treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics,

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racialization

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a process whereby some social categor, suchas a social class or nationality , takes on what are percieved in society to be racial characteristics.

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Racial formation

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the process by which a group comes to be defined as a race

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out-group homogeneity effect

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where all members of any our-group are perceived by an individual to be similar or even identical to eachother

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minority group

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any distinct group insociety that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prehudice and diescrimination

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dominant group

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the group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society

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stereotype

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an oversimplfied set of beliefs about members of a social group or social stratum

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salience principle

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states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominen and obvious

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stereotype interchangeability

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holds that stereotypes, especially negative ones, ae often interchangeable from one social class to another,from one racial or ethnic group to another, from a racial or ethninc group to a social class, or from a social glass to a gender

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Prejudice

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he evaluation of a social group and individuals wihin that group, based on conceptions about the social group

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that one's group is superior to all other groups

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residential segregation

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the spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups into different residential arreas

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Racism

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the percption and treatment of a racial or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually, socially, and culturally inferior to one's own group

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forms of racism

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overt and subtle

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institutional racism

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a form of racism is negative treatment and opression of one racial or ethnic group by society's existinginstitutions based on the presumed inferiority of the oppressed group

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scapegoat theory

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members of the dominant group inthe united States have harbored various frusrations in their desire to achieve social and economic success--vent anger in form of aggression

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authoritarian personality

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charicterized by a tendency to rigidly categorize other people as well as inclinations to submmit to authority, srictly conform...

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assimilation

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a process by which a minority becomes socially, economically and culturally absorbed within the dominant society

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cContact theory

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interaction between Whites minorities will reduce prejudice within both groups

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conditions that must be met for contact theory

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1.the contac mus be between people of equal status
2.the contact must be sustained
3.scial norms favoring eauality must be agreed upon by the participans

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anti-semitism

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hatred of Jewish people

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domestic colonialism model

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describes minorities as like a colony

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Segregation

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the spatial and social separation of racial and ethnic groups

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Affirmative action

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race-specific policy for reducing job and educational inequality

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Sex

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biological identity

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gender

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the socially learned expectations and behaviors asscoiated with members of each sex

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Biological determinism

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explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics

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Hermaphroditis

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a condition where irregularities in chromosome formation or fetal differentiation produce persons with mixed bological sex characterisics

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gender socialization

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men and women learn the epectations associated with their se

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gender identity

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one's definition of oneself as a woman or man

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Homophobia

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the fear and hatred of homosexuals

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Gendered institutions

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the total patern of gender relations, stereotypical expectations;interpersonal relationships;and the different placement of men and women in social, economic, and political hierarchies of institutions.

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Gender stratification

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the heirarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender

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gender apartheid

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the extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life

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Sexism

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an ideology that defines women as different from and inferior to men

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Patriarchy

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a society or group in which men have power over women

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matriarchy

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a society or group in which women have power over men

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Labor force participation rate

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the percentage of those in a given categorywho are employed by either part time or full time.

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human capital theory

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the result of differences in the individual characteristics that worders bringto jobs

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dual labor market thory

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contends that women and men earn different amounts because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market

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occupational segregation

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a pattern in which different groups of workers are separtated intodifferent occupations

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Gender segregation

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the distribution of men and women in different jobs in the labor force

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Discriminaion

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practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment

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Feminism

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refers to advocating a mre just society for women

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Feminist theory

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refers to analyses that seek to understand the position of women en society for the explicit purpose of inprobing their position in socity.

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Liberal Feminism

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argues that inequality for women originates in traditions of the past that pose barriers to women's advancement

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Social feminism

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interprets the origins of women's oppression in the system of capitalism

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Radical feminism

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interprets patriarchy as the primary cause of women's oppression

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multiracial feminism

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evolves from studies pointing out that earlier forms of feminist thinging excluded women of color from analysis

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Comparable Worth

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the principle of paying women and men equibalent wages for jobs inveolving similar levels of skill

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sexual scripts

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teach us what is appropriate sexual behabior for each gender

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sexual politics

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the link between sexuality and power, not just within individual relationships

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social construction perspective

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interprets sexual identity as learned not inborne

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Sexual orientation

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how individuals experience sexual arousal and pleasure

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compulsory heterosexuality

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the idea that heterosexual identity is not a chouice but an expectation

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Coming out

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the process of defining oueself as gay or lesbian

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Queer theory

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interprets various dimensions of seuality as thoroughly social and constructed through institustional practices

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Homophoba

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the fear and hatred of homosexuality

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Heterosexism

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the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only socially legitimate sexual orientation

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Eugenics

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sought to apply scientific principles of genetic selection to "improve" the offspring of the juman race

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Sexual revolution

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the widespread changes in men's and women's roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development

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Altruistic suicide

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Too high social integration causes suicide

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Egoist Suicide

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Low social integration causes suiide

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Anomic suicide

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Social change can cause suicide (social integration regular)

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Hirshi's Social control theory

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deviance occurs when a person's attachment to social bonds is weakened