Snc2D: Cells, Cell Division, And Cell Specialization

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Prokaryote

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A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. archaea and bacteria)

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Eukaryote

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A cell that contains a nucleus + other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane (e.g. protists, fungi, animals, plants)

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Organelle

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A cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell

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Cell Theory

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- All living things are made up of one or more cells & their products

- The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes

- All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter

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DNA

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- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

- The material in the nucleus of a cell that contains all of the cell's genetic information

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Cell Membrane

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"Skin" of the cell; controls substances that enter the cell

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Cytoplasm

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Fluid that surrounds + supports all of the organelles

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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Network of fluid filled tubes that transport materials such as proteins around the cell

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Golgi bodies

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They collect + process all the materials to be removed from the cell. They also make and secrete mucus.

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Mitochrondria

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- "Power plants"

- Produce energy for the cell. Active cells, like muscle cells, have more mitochrondria than inactive fat-storage cells

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Nucleus

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- "Control centre" of the cells

- Contains all the genetic info in the form of DNA

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Vacuoles

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- Fluid filled sacs with many functions (e.g. storage)

- Plants usually have one large vacuole; when full of water it keeps stem + leaves full

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Organelles Specific to Plants

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- Cell Wall

- Chloroplasts

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Cell Wall

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In a rigid porous structure of cellulose found on the outside of the cell membrane

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Chloroplasts

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Green organelles that produce food for the cell which takes up most of the cell

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Cell Division

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3 Reasons:

- Reproduction

- Growth

- Repair

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Cell Division: Reproduction

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2 Types:

- Asexual reproduction

- Sexual reproduction

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Asexual Reproduction

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The process of producing offspring from only one parent; the offspring are genetically identical to the parent

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Sexual Reproduction

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The process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes; the offspring has genetic information from both parents

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Gametes

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Sometimes called "half cells", they only contain 1/2 the DNA of a normal cell

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Cell Division: Growth

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- One of the main characteristics of life is that all organisms grow

- In order for an organism to grow the cell must divide to make more cells

- If a cell becomes too large, the processes in the cell cannot function properly. The only option for an organism to grow is to make more cells

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Cell Division: Repair

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- Another reality of life is the fact that cells cannot live forever

- Every day, your body sheds millions of dead skin cells, all of which are replaced by new ones. If you break a bone, cells divide to heal the break

- All organisms need to repair themselves to stay alive

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Cell Cycle stages

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- Interphase

- Mitosis

- Cytokinesis

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Interphase

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The stage of the cell cycle during which the cell performs its normal functions and its genetic material is copied in preparation for cell division.

- Longest stage

- DNA is duplicated

- More organelles form

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Mitosis

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The stage of the cell cycle in which the DNA in the nucleus is divided; the first part of cell division

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4 Phases of Mitosis

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- Prophase

- Metaphase

- Anaphase

- Telophase

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Prophase

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First phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane dissolves

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Metaphase

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Second phase of mitosis; in which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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Anaphase

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Third phase of mitosis; the sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes, and move to opposite ends of the cell

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Telophase

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Final phase of mitosis; the chromatids unwind, nuclear membrane reforms in each cell around the chromosomes

The cells begin to pinch in the middle

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Chromatids

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DNA was copied during Interphase, so each chromosome consists of two identical strands called chromatids

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Spindle Fibers

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Formed during late interphase, they control the movement of the chromosomes

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Cytokinesis

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- The final phase of cell division

- The cytoplasm divides, producing two genetically identical daughter cells

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Cancer

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Cancer is a broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division

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Tumour

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- A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body

- 2 types: benign and malignant

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Benign Tumour

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A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them

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Malignant Tumour

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A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour

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Metastasis

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The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original (primary) tumour and establishing another (secondary) tumour elsewhere in the body

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Mutation

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A random change in the DNA of a cell

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Carcinogen

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any environmental factor that causes cancer

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Methods of Cancer Screening

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- Pap Test - Sample of cervical cells

- Breast or Testicular Self-Examination

- PSA Blood Test

- The ABCD of Moles - Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter

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Diagnosis: Imaging Technologies

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- Endoscopy

- X-ray

- Ultrasound

- CT Scanning

- MRI

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Biopsy

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When a sample of the tumour is removed in order to closely examine it under a microscope

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Cancer Treatment Methods

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- Surgery: physically removing the tumour

- Chemotherapy: the use of drugs to treat or slow the growth of the cancer

- Radiation: Ionizing radiation is directed on the tumour which easily kills the cancer cells

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Biophotonics

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The technology of using light energy to diagnose, monitor, and treat living cells and organisms

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Specialized Cells - Animals (1/2)

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- Red blood cells - Carries oxygen around the body

- Muscle Cells- Contract to become shorter, helps bones move

- Fat Cells - Store chemical energy

- Skin Cells - Cover the entire body, blocking germs and viruses

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Specialized Cells - Animals (2/2)

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- White Blood Cells - Fights infection

- Nerve Cells - Conduct electrical impulse to coordinate body activity

- Bone Cells - Provide structure to our bodies

- Sperm/Egg Cells - Carries 1/2 the genetic code of life

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Specialized Cells - Plants (Processes)

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- Transport water

- Transport dissolved sugars

- Starch storage

- Absorb water from the soil

- Make energy from the Sun

- Control amount of water loss

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Cellular Differentiation

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The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function

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Stem Cell

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An undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells. There are two types of stem cells, embryonic and tissue

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Stem Cells (Significance)

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- Cord Blood Cell Banking: the storage of tissue stem cells from cord blood

- Tissue Stem Cell Transplantation: Transfer of bone marrow from donor to patient

- Regeneration and Tissue Engineering