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434 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What nerve block is used for a laparotomy/rumenotomy? |
Paralumbar (Cornell) Block |
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Where should the skin incision be made in a sheep laparotomy? |
Middle of left paralumbar fossa- midway between the last rib and the wing of the ilium beginning 5cm ventral to lumbar transverse processes |
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In a rumenotomy, how should the rumen wall be closed? |
2 layer inverting suture pattern (so fluid doesn't leak through closure), 0 Vicryl. 1st layer = simple continuous to appose edges of incision, then buried by 2nd layer = Lembert pattern. |
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What sedation is used for a sheep laparotomy? What needle/syringe combination is used? |
0.1mg/kg xylazine (20mg/ml) IM into the neck, 1mL syringe & 23G 1 inch needle. Give at 0.05mg/kg if top-up required |
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What dose rate of Mepivacaine is used for the paralumbar block for a sheep laparotomy? |
20mg/ml (max dose 10mg/kg bodyweight). Do not use more than a total of 20mL |
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Describe the paralumbar nerve block for a sheep laparotomy |
Put 2mL of LA above & 4mL below each transverse process (L1, L3, L4), using a 20mL syringe with a 19G 1.5" needle. |
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Below which weight should mepivacaine be diluted? |
Sheep weighing less than 40kg without wool |
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What are the layers (starting from outside) that are cut through in a rumenotomy? |
Skin, cutaneous trunci, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal, peritoneum, rumen |
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What suture material should be used for placing stay sutures in the rumen? Where should they be placed? |
2-0 Vicryl. One dorsally, one ventrally. Should go into the muscle layers of the rumen wall & must be placed approx 15cm apart so there is enough room for rumenotomy incision. |
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What is the main risk with a rumenotomy surgery? |
Spillage of rumen contents into the abdomen --> peritonitis (could be fatal) |
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What are the layers that are closed (in order) in the abdominal wall following a laparotomy? What suture materials & patterns are used? |
i) Peritoneum & transverse abdominal muscles together: 2-0 Vicryl, continuous ii) Internal abdominal oblique: 2-0 Vicryl, continuous iii) External abdominal oblique: 0 Vicryl, continuous iv) Cutaneous trunci: 2-0 Vicryl, continuous v) Skin: medium vetafil (non-absorbable), Ford interlocking with 2 single interrupted sutures ventrally |
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What post-op ABs can be given following rumenotomy? Dose rate/concentration? |
Oxytetracycline 100mg/mL IM at 8mg/kg, sid for 5d |
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What analgesic can be given following a rumenotomy? Dose rate/concentration? |
Phenylbutazone past 4.4mg/kg PO bid on 1st post-op day only. If further doses needed = 2.2mg/kg (also given before surgery). OFF LABEL |
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What is the onset of action of xylazine after IM injection? How long does sedative effect last? How long does analgesic effect last? |
Onset of action = 10-15min Sedative effect = 1-2h Analgesic effect = 30-40min |
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What is the meat WHP of oxytetracycline? |
14 days |
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What drug can be used for reversal of xylazine overdose? Trade name, drug name, dose rate, injection site? |
- Reverzine SA Injection - Drug = yohimbine hydrochloride 1.25mg/mL + 4-amino pyridine 2mg/mL - Dose rate = 1mL/10kg BW - Injected IV into jugular |
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What sedation can be used for a ram vasectomy? Can this be used if a ram is to be sold? |
0.1mg/kg xylazine (20mg/ml) IM into the neck, 1mL syringe & 23G 1 inch needle. Give at 0.05mg/kg if top-up required. Use Acepromazine as an alternative is ram is to be sold |
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What sedation is used for vasectomy in a ram to be sold? Dose rate, concentration? |
Acepromazine ACP10. 10mg/mL, dose rate = 1mg/10kg (=0.1mg/kg = 0.1mL/10kg BW) IM |
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What is the meat withholding period for acepromazine? |
2 days |
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What local anaesthetic & how much is injected into vasectomy incision site? |
1-2mL of lignocaine |
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What antibiotic can be used prior to a ram vasectomy if sheep is not being sold? If sheep is being sold? |
If not being sold: long acting penicillin [eg. Norocillin] IM 1mL/25kg BW (WHP = 30d) If being sold: Oxytetracycline 100mg/mL at 8mg/kg IM (repeat after 2d if necessary) (WHP = 10d) |
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What analgesia can be given pre- and post- vasectomy surgery in a ram NOT being sold? |
Phenylbutazone Paste at 2.2mg/kg PO, before and on day following surgery. NOT if ram is to be sold |
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What suture pattern can be used to suture skin following vasectomy? |
Horizontal mattress |
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Following vasectomy, what can you spray the wound with? |
Antiseptic & fly repellant spray, or iodine if rams are to be sold (check WHP) |
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What are the contraindications for the use of reverzine as an antidote to xylazine overdose? |
Cardiovascular, renal & hepatic disease |
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If, during sedation, the sheep is still breathing but hypoxaemic, what should you do? |
Give oxygen by mask |
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If following giving oxygen the sheep fails to improve and/or stops breathing, what should you do? |
Intubate and give oxygen, give Reverzine SA |
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What is the target birth weight for kids? Weight for weaning off milk? Mating? Kidding? Mature does? Mature bucks? |
Birth: 3-4kg Weaning off milk: 16kg (7-8wks) Mating- min: 30-35kg (7m) Kidding: 50-55kg (12-15m) Mature does: 60kg average Mature bucks: 80-100kg |
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What does it mean if more than 2% of a group of animals aborts? |
Endemic disease may be present |
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What percentage of the flock should be lame to instigate investigation? |
Investigate it >5% lame |
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What is the target condition score for ewes at joining? |
3-3.5 |
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What are the nutritional requirements of ewes in the last month of pregnancy? |
- A single-bearing ewe requires nearly 2x as much feed to prevent loss of body tissue as a non-pregnant ewe - A twin-bearing ewe requires 2.5x as much as non-pregnant - A triplet-bearing ewe requires 3x as much as non-pregnant |
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Compare sheep & goats in terms of: chromosomes; feeding behaviour; weather tolerance |
Chromosomes: sheep = 54; goats = 60 Feeding: sheep graze close to ground, goats browse (shrubs, bushes, trees) |
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Name some conditions that are seen in goats but not sheep |
1) Pseudopregnancy (hydrometra) 2) Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis virus infection 3) Intersexuality associated with polledness 4) Witch's milk |
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What are the highest cost diseases for sheep? |
1) Internal parasites 2) Flystrike 3) Lice 4) Post weaning mortality |
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Name some reportable sheep/goat diseases in WA |
- Aujeszky's Disease - Bluetongue - Brucellosis - FMD - Goat & Sheep Pox - Louping ill - Maedi-Visna - Nairobi Sheep Disease - Scrapie - Sheep scab |
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What are some potential threats to the sheep industry? |
1) Exotic and endemic diseases 2) Food safety (consumers want cheap, clean, green, ethical food) 3) Chemical residues in wool, meat (WHP, ESI) 4) Animal welfare 5) High mortality rates |
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What are some examples of conditions affecting a number of sheep/goats at the same time? |
- Sudden deaths - Weaner illthrift - Virulent footrot - Poor lambing performance |
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What are the 5 components of a farm management loop? |
- Examine farm resources & collect data - Formulate aim/targets - Quantify aims/targets (what can be measured?) - Develop plans & discuss costs - Action |
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What are some presenting problems for infertility in the ewe? |
- Low lambing % - Low lamb marking % - Lactating barren ewes - Vulval changes in ewes |
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What stage of gestation does the majority of foetal growth take place? |
Last 6 weeks of pregnancy (70% of growth) |
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How can you improve survival of twins from merinos (via increasing colostrum production)? |
Feed whole barley grain at 1% of liveweight of ewe during week before lambing (twin-bearing ewes only) |
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When should you investigate abortions? |
1) Abortion levels greater than 5% 2) Abortions occurring over a short period of time (eg. 2 weeks) 3) Abortions occurring on a particular location |
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What does this image show? |
Aborted lamb with anasarca |
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How does pregnancy toxaemia cause $$ loss? |
- Death of ewe + unborn lamb/s - Loss of value of fleece + meat |
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What are some predisposing factors to pregnancy toxaemia? |
Insufficient feed or anything that affects ewe's desire/ability to graze: 1) Bad weather 2) Sudden change diet 3) Cessation supplementary feed 4) Decline in feed quality/quantity 5) Yarding/trucking/driving 6) Disease 7) Too fat |
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A farmer is getting death or pregnant ewes, blind ewes, sick ewes, in Autumn-lambing ewes. What should you suspect? |
Pregnancy Toxaemia |
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What are the clinical findings that would make you suspect pregnancy toxaemia? |
- Thin, pregnant ewes - Due to lamb in 4-6 weeks - In poor body condition - Show nervous signs & die within a week LATER: - Become drowsy - Nervous signs - Recumbent - Grind teeth - Coma, death - Ewe dies within an onset of signs |
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What samples/tests can confirm pregnancy toxaemia? |
- Pregnancy test using real time U/S - Blood: hypoglycaemia; ketonaemia, Ca levels - Urine: ketonuria (acetoacetic acid) |
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What is seen on necropsy of ewes with pregnancy toxaemia? |
- Liver- enlarged, pale yellow, fatty, friable - Faeces- firm, dry - Adrenals- enlarged, haemorrhages - GIT- sand - Kidneys, brain - Eye fluid or CSF |
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What stage of pregnancy is hypocalcaemia most common in sheep? Goats? |
Ewes = last month of pregnancy and early lactation Does = after kidding |
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Name some oxalate containing plants that sheep may graze |
- Soursob - Doublegee - Pigweed - Slender iceplant - Bluebush |
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What are some precipitating factors for hypocalcaemia? |
- Sudden deprivation of food - Inclement weather - Stress/management practices such as mustering for shearing, crutching & drenching |
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Below what serum Ca level do CS of hypocalcaemia develop? |
<2mmol/L |
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What are some presenting problems for hypocalcaemia? |
- Sheep in sternal recumbency - Sheep going down following shearing/transport/yarding - Ataxic sheep/goats - Muscle tremor esp facial muscle - Prolapsed vagina - Paralysis, coma - Dead sheep/goats |
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A sheep rapidly develops a stiff, staggery gait, muscle tremor (facial & shoulder muscle), green rumen contents around nose & mouth, prolapsed vagina, depressed corneal reflex, mouse/frog position. Possible diagnosis? |
Hypocalcaemia |
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What are some DDx for hypocalcaemia? |
- Pregnancy Toxaemia - HypoMg - Oxalate poisoning - Enterotoxaemia - Superphosphate poisoning - Mastitis - Bloat |
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What is the treatment for vaginal prolapse? |
Buhner suture of 5mm umbilical tape, tighten to 1 finger diameter |
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True or False: it is normal to see a reddish, odourless vaginal discharge for 14d following kidding |
True (lochia) |
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What are the indications to assist with dystocia? |
1) Membranes rupture but no progress during past 30mins 2) Total period of lambing >90min 3) Tail delivered 4) One leg delivered 5) Head delivered |
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What are the advantages of pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasound? |
- Can be used to assess foetal numbers (45-90d) - Can be used to assess foetal viability - Image can be frozen for detailed examination - Early dx of pregnancy possible - Can be done by vets of contractors |
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What drugs are used for termination(/induction) at <55 days gestation? >55 days? |
<55d = prostaglandin >55d = corticosteroids |
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What is the definition of drift lambing? |
Move yet to lamb ewes every day |
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What are some diseases of lactating ewes & does? |
- Hypocalcaemia (more common in pregnant ewes) - Hypomagnesaemia - Mastitis - Udder lesions - "Kangaroo gait" |
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Compare pregnancy toxaemia, hypoCa & hypoMg in terms of occurrence |
PT: common, last month of pregnancy HypoCa: less common, usually late pregnancy but can be early lactation HypoMg: rare, usually during lactation, 1-4 weeks after lambing |
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Compare pregnancy toxaemia, hypoCa & hypoMg in terms of predisposing factors |
PT: decr plane of nutrition then sudden/short periods of starvation HypoCa: fasting/stress, oxalate plants HypoMg: fasting/lactation |
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Compare pregnancy toxaemia, hypoCa & hypoMg in terms of clinical findings |
PT: depressed, blind, poor body condition, nervous signs HypoCa: depressed, NOT blind, muscle tremor, sternal recumbency, bloat, paralysis HypoMg: excitable, NOT blind, nervous signs |
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What are the common causative organisms of acute clinical mastitis in sheep & goats? |
- Staphylococcus aureus (alone or mixed infection) - Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica |
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What are the common causative organisms of gangrenous mastitis in sheep & goats? |
- Staph aureus - E. Coli |
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What are the common causative organisms of chronic mastitis in sheep & goats? |
- S. aureus - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes |
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What are the predisposing factors to mastitis? |
- Stage of lactation (after parturition & weaning) - Environment (improved pastures resulting in incr milk production) - Teat injuries - Loss of lamb/kid (milk accumulates in udder) - Age (incr prevalence with age) |
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What does this image show? |
A sheep with wool break- has undergone severe stress at some stage |
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What does this image show? Likely causative agent? |
Gangrenous mastitis in a ewe. Cause likely Staph aureus |
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What are the indications of mastitis (ie. indications to inspect udder) in the field? |
- Hungry/starving lamb - Ewe won't let lamb suck - Apparently lame ewe - Recumbent ewe - Part of udder missing - Fleece break |
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How can you attempt to eradicate Staph aureus from dairy sheep herds? |
- Identify & cull infected ewes - Improve hygiene at milking - Dry ewe therapy at time of weaning lamb |
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What is this condition called? What is the cause? |
- Polythelia - Congenital malformation, probably genetic |
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Why is goat milk whiter than cow milk? |
Because goats convert all carotene into Vitamin A in the milk |
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What are some unique characteristics of goat milk? |
- High digestibility - Alkalinity - High buffering capacity - Certain therapeutic value |
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Compare the appearance of a dry ewe vs a wet ewe |
- Dry = better body condition than other ewes, absence of wool break, clean at back of udder, small/dirty teats, dirty udder, may have drop of honey-like secretion from teats if milked - Wet = large udder, blood encrusted on wool on back of udder, normal milk, teats clean & soft |
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What happens if a ewe ingests Veratrum californicum on the 14th day of pregnancy? |
Cyclopian malformation (monkey face syndrome) in the lamb |
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A lamb is born with eyes like this, blepharospasms, epiphora, corneal opacity- diagnosis? Cause? Tx? |
Entropion- congenital. Tx options: 1) Manual eversion 2) Surgical staples 3) Inject 2mL sterile saline or air or benzathine penicillin or oxytet SC into affected lid (to roll it out) |
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What happens if a ewe is infected with Border Disease Virus (a Pestivirus) between days 16 and 90 of gestation? |
Depends on strain & age of foetus: 1) Early embryonic death 2) Damage to placenta --> abortion 3) Stillbirth 4) Congenital defects of foetus (skin & NS) |
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What does this image show? |
A lamb with thick body, short legs, abnormally hairy = likely Border Disease Virus infection |
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What should be done with a lamb affected by BDV? |
Cull (main reservoir of infection, will starve) |
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What is the percentage of lambs that die before weaning in WA? |
15-20% |
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What are the most common causes of lamb death? |
1) 60% = birth stress 2) 25% = starvation-mis-mothering exposure complex 3) 15% = disease |
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What are some common postnatal conditions seen within 48 of birth? |
1) Starvation-mismothering 2) Exposure-cold exposure (hypothermia) 3) Predation 4) Neonatal infection 5) Watery mouth |
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What are the times of risk for lamb hypothermia? |
- Birth to 5h of age (due to excessive heat loss) - 10h to 3d of age (depressed heat production as a result of starvation & energy reserve exhaustion) |
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What is the normal temp for a lamb? |
38.6-39.4C |
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What are some ways to prevent acquired neonatal infection? |
- Good hygiene - Colostrum - Vaccination |
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What are some DDx for a lamb looking like this? |
- Watery Mouth Disease (Rattle belly/slavers) - Enteritis |
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What are some postnatal conditions seen in lambs 2-7d after birth? |
1) Desertion by ewe- orphan lambs 2) Starvation 3) Enteritis- diarrhoea |
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What are some postnatal conditions seen in lambs 1-4 weeks after birth? |
1) Delayed Se deficiency (White Muscle Dz) 2) Delayed Cu deficiency 3) Enterotoxaemia 4) Tick pyaemia (UK) 5) Louping ill (UK) |
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What are the clinical findings in White Muscle Disease in lambs? |
Signs may not be seen until lambs are moved - Arched back - Stiff gait - Bright/alert lamb, normal temp, will suck, but because it has difficulty standing/following the ewe, it may be starving - If neck muscles affected = cannot lift head/suck |
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What necropsy findings are seen in a lamb with White Muscle Disease? |
- Bilaterally symmetrical pale areas in skeletal muscle esp hind limbs - Cardiac muscle- subendocardial greyish-white plaques or diffuse lesions extending into the myocardium |
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What are some DDx for White Muscle Disease? |
- Infectious arthritis - Spinal (vertebral) abscess - Delayed swayback (Cu deficiency) - Enterotoxaemia - Vitamin E responsive myopathy |
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What is the treatment for Delayed White Muscle Disease in lambs? |
Give Se at a rate of 0.1mg Se/kg body weight |
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What are the clinical findings of Cu deficiency? |
- Bright/alert unweaned lamb - Willing to suck - Normal rectal temp - Incoordination of movement and knuckling - Affected lambs collapse into dog-sitting position - May have pale mm (anaemia) |
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What are some DDx for Cu deficiency? |
- Myopathy - Spinal (vertebral) abscess - Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection (goats) - Corticocerebellar atrophy (daft lamb) |
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Can Cu deficiency be treated? |
No |
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What is the recommended way to prevent Delayed Swayback (Cu deficiency) in sheep & goats? |
Oral dosing with copper oxide (administer to ewes/does early in pregnancy to protect lambs/kids against Cu deficiency) |
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How much colostrum should be fed to orphan lambs? |
Weigh lamb & give 50mL/kg/feed |
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What can happen to a lamb if it doesn't get colostrum? |
1) Unthriftiness 2) Risk of infection 3) Risk of hypothermia 4) High death rate |
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How long after birth does a lamb need to be given colostrum? |
Within 12-18h from birth |
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How much milk should be fed to orphaned lambs? |
50mL/kg body weight at every feed |
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How much milk do lambs need for growth? |
Need 120mL/kg/d for maintenance, but for growth a 5kg lamb = 600mL/d (divided over 3-4 feeds) |
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When/how should you wean a pet lamb? |
- 4wks min age to concentrates (eg. calf starter pellets) - 6wks min age to pasture - Lucerne hay/chaff and water always available |
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Above which age do lambs require analgesia for marking? |
Older than 3 months = surgical procedure, need analgesia |
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What are some alternatives to surgical tail docking? |
1) Non-surgical tail docking- rubber rings 2) Leave tail long (ie. don't remove tail) 3) Use a breed that doesn't need docking 4) Breed for short tail |
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What are some alternatives to surgical castration? |
1) Non-surgical castration- chemical 2) Non-surgical castration- immuno 3) Short scrotum (rings distal to testicles) 4) No castration- leave entire |
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What are the alternatives to ear marking & ear tagging? |
1) Microchipping, ear tags (E-sheep) 2) Tattooing |
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What are some alternatives to traditional mulesing? |
1) Chemical mulesing 2) Clips 3) Breed plain-bodied sheep 4) Control internal parasites 5) Select for resistance to internal parasites 6) Change breed 7) Leave unmulesed & use chemicals 8) Crutch |
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What does this picture demonstrate? |
Mulesing clips |
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What are some alternatives to traditional shearing? |
1) Chemical shearing 2) Change breed 3) Injection of epidermal growth factor 4) Robotic shearing, eg. Sheep train |
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Lamb with "saw-horse" posture and prolapsed 3rd eyelid 3-10 days following marking. Likely Dx? |
Tetanus |
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What are some possible DDx for tetanus? |
- Enterotoxaemia - HypoCa - HypoMg - Polioencephalomalacia Though usually easy to diagnose on CS alone |
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Lamb <8wks of age presented with pelvic limb paralysis. BAR, eating, drinking. Likely Dx? |
Spinal cord & vertebral body abscess (can be following marking or umbilical infection) |
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How should you treat a lamb with flystrike? |
i) Shear/clip wool from affected area & area around the strike ii) Remove maggots iii) Apply flystrike dressing- eg. contianing ivermectin or spinosad (Extinosad = nil WHP for wool) or cyromazine (Vetrazin = 2m WHP for wool) |
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What does this image show? What can increase the prevalence of this? What can decrease prevalence? |
SCC of perineal region Incr prevalence affected by: - Severity of mules operation - Age of sheep - Tail length, time of shearing - Solar radiation Decr prevalence by: - Less severe mulesing technique - Leaving tails longer so they are level with tip of vulva - Culling older ewes |
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What are some adverse vaccine reactions in sheep/goats? |
- Localised swelling - Abscesses - Temporary lameness - Skin thickening - Carcase damage - Temporary difficulty with eating |
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What has occurred here? What is a common thing that predisposes sheep to this? |
Rectal prolapse In sheep, may be a consequence of docking tails too short (caudal vertebrae of spine and cords that stabilise rectum & anal sphincter are removed) |
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What is the definition of a weaner? |
Sheep with milk teeth (temporary incisors) that has been weaned from its mother (3-12m old) |
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What is the definition of a hogget? |
M or F 9-10m until the time when the first pair of permanent incisors erupt (12-18m) Meat trade = 1st pair of permanent incisors erupted |
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What is the definition of weaner illthrift? |
Failure of weaner sheep to grow well at a time when all other classes of sheep appear to be in good health & body condition |
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What time of year do most weaner problems occur (in SW WA)? |
During the summer months when there is little or no green feed available |
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What is the benchmark for weaner deaths? |
<4% deaths between weaning & 15m of age |
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What are the most common trace element deficiencies causing weaner illthrift? |
Co and Se |
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What trace element deficiency may small weaner size indicate? |
Cobalt |
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What trace element deficiency may stiff gait, hunched appearance, going down when driven indicate? |
Se/Vit E deficiency myopathy |
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What trace element deficiency may ataxia, dog-sitting posture indicate? |
Copper |
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What trace element deficiency may anaemia indicate? |
Cobalt, copper |
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What trace element deficiency may depigmentation of coloured wool/steely wool indicate? |
Copper |
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What trace element deficiency may scaly ears, discharges from eyes, and loss of appetite indicate? |
Cobalt |
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At what age does the rumen become functional? |
8 weeks |
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What percentage of nutritional requirements are obtained from ewe's milk at 3 weeks? 12 weeks? |
3 weeks = 100% 12 weeks = 5-10% |
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What is the recommended age to wean? |
13 weeks after start of lambing |
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What are the 9 components of good weaner management? |
1) Needs planning 2) Start with length of joining- 5-6wks 3) Prepare weaning paddocks (clean, spelled, short legume based/crop stubble) 4) Mark/mules 6-7weeks after start of lambing 5) Teach supplementary (grain) feeding- 2 feeds over 1 week 6) Wean at 13wks from start of lambing 7) Monitor body weights 8) Prevent disease (vax, parasite control, trace elements) 9) Calculate weaner death rates from last 5y of data (benchmark) |
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What are the benefits of shearing as lambs/weaners (<12m wool)? |
1) Makes management easier 2) Results in increase in growth rate 3) Stops grass seeds being a problem 4) Makes lice control easier 5) Makes fly control easier 6) Improves the wool return 7) Lambs do better if shorn |
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Above which weight/age can merino ewes be bred? |
8-9 months of age, weight >37kg |
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What are the predisposing factors to posthitis? |
1) Breed (merinos, angoras) 2) Age (more common in older) 3) Sex (males) 4) Season (wet) 5) Diet (improved pastures- legumes, clover; lupins) 6) Shearing & ringing around prepuce- discard wool containing bacteria 7) Preputial hairs 8) Nature of prepuce (small opening) 9)Castration (underdeveloped penis) |
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Ram presents with swollen prepuce, arched back, stiff gait. Dx? |
Posthitis |
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Ram presents with ulceration around preputial opening. Dx? |
Posthitis (may progress to internal ulceration) |
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Are antibiotics recommended for the treatment of posthitis? |
NO |
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What is the traditional control method for posthitis in wethers? |
Testosterone +/- preputial antiseptics |
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What is the most common type of calculi seen in sheep from the wheatbelt? |
Silica |
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What are the clinical findings of a ram with a partial obstruction? |
- Straining to urinate - Anorexia - Abdominal pain (kick at belly) - Dribbles of urine- may be blood-stained |
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What are the clinical findings of a ram with a complete obstruction? |
- Abnormal stance - Depressed - Distended abdomen/bloat (water belly, uroperitoneum) - Apparent improvement in condition = bladder rupture, uraemia, death |
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What is the ratio between creatinine conc of abdominal fluid & serum that confirms the diagnosis of uroperitoneum |
>3:1 |
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These PM findings were found in a ram- hydroneprosis rupture of bladder, calculi in urether/bladder- dx? |
Urolithiasis |
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What is the surgical method of choice for urolithiasis treatment? Why? |
Cystotomy or temporary tube cystostomy. Preserves breeding capacity of rams |
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T or F: to prevent phosphatic calculi formation, you should acidify the urine |
True |
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How is Brucella ovis (Brucellosis) transmitted to rams? |
- Homosexual contact ram with ram - The ewe when infected (non-infected rams serve the same ewe during the same oestrus) |
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On palpation of a ram, localised hard enlargements of the epididymis (tail) are felt. Possible dx? |
Brucellosis (epididymitis) |
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What is the best test for Brucellosis (Brucella ovis) in rams? |
Complement Fixation Test- serum. Will be positive 10-20d after infection |
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What is the equation to work out sensitivity of a diagnostic test? |
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What is the equation to work out specificity of a diagnostic test? |
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What are some DDx for Brucella ovis in a ram (hard lumps in epididymis/orchitis)? |
1) Actinobacillus seminis infection 2) Histophilus ovis infection 3) Traumatic granuloma of tail of epididymis 4) Brucella melitensis (exotic, rare cause of orchitis) |
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How are lambs thought to become infected with Actinobacillus seminis? How is it then transmitted to other rams? |
Either at or before birth from bacteria in the genital tract of the ewe. Transmission then occurs via homosexual activity among young rams around puberty & from ram to ram via the vagina of the ewe during mating. |
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What is seen here? What might be the cause? |
Wool loss on scrotum, swollen, hot painful. Typical of what you see with Actinobacillus seminis |
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What are the CS of A. seminis? |
- Orchitis and/or epididymitis - Loss of body condition - Loss of fleece over scrotum - Lesions may burst and discharge pus from scrotum - Some infections may be subclinical |
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This is seen on PM of a ram with enlarged scrotum. Dx? |
Varicocoele |
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Lesions on scrotum. What is wrong with this ram? |
Chorioptes bovis/ovis |
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What are the uses of teasers? |
1) To induce oestrus in ewes out-of-season (non-cycling ewes) 2) To synchronise oestrus (shorten lambing) 3) To identify non-pregnant ewes after mating has finished (preg dx) 4) To identify ewes in oestrus- AI |
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What effect do teasers have during the breeding season? |
No effect on cyclical activity once the breeding season is underway and ewes are coming into oestrus regularly |
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What is a wether trial (wether comparisons)? |
A randomly selected group of wethers from various properties are run together for a certain length of time on one farm and production parameters compared |
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Why are serving capacity tests not recommended in rams? |
- Results may not be repeatable - The test has welfare implications |
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What is the preferred drug for sedating rams during shearing? |
- Acepromazine IM 45min prior to shearing. Large rams may need 10-15mg dose. Takes about 4h to wear off |
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Why is ram nutrition in the 2 months prior to joining more important than ram nutrition during joining? |
Rams take about 7 weeks to produce the sperm the ejaculate |
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What is the ideal condition score for rams at the time of joining? |
3 or 4, to allow for loss of body weight during joining |
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What are the main principles of ram husbandry? |
1) Shear twice a year (2-3m prior to joining) 2) Trim horns if necessary 3) Jet to prevent flystrike 4) Trim hooves 5) Vaccinate 5,6 or 7-in-1 6) Drench with Vit A & Vit E if dry fed 7) Control parasites 8) Arrange for a vet to do breeding soundness exam 6-8wks prior to joining |
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What is the minimal scrotal circumference for a ram to successfully be joined to 50 ewes? |
24cm |
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What is the minimal scrotal circumference for a ram to successfully be joined to 100 ewes? |
28-30cm |
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What should testis size be in 2-tooth rams? |
Approx 200g |
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What should testis size be in rams older than 2-tooth? |
250g + (total of 400g+) |
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What is the minimum ram to ewe ratio (assuming rams are sound for breeding)? |
1% |
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What should be the length of joining? |
5-6 weeks provided ewes are cycling when rams are introduced to the ewe mob |
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What is the correct name for this? |
Orchidometer |
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Is this ram healthy? |
Yes, hyperaemia = increased blood flow to genital region = normal in breeding season |
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What should lameness levels in a sheep flock be? At what level should you investigate? |
Should be <2-3%. Investigate if >5% |
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What is the causative organism of Footrot? |
Dichelobacter nodosus |
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What are the causative organisms of Ovine Interdigital Dermatitis? |
-Fusobacterium necrophorum - Aracanobacterium pyogenes |
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What does this image demonstrate? |
Loss of hair between the claws, which occurs in Footrot |
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What does this image demonstrate (red, swollen, necrotic skin between claws) |
Severe Ovine Interdigital Dermatitis |
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What are the DDx for Interdigital Dermatitis? |
- Footrot - Foot abscess - Foot & Mouth Disease - Bluetongue |
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What are the economic impacts of virulent footrot? |
1) Decr wool production 2) Decr body weight (failure to graze due to pain) 3) Incr flystrike 4) Incr deaths 5) Cost of control & eradication 6) Loss in sale value of sheep from property 7) Welfare implications |
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Why does Footrot look different in different sheep? |
D. nodosus possesses a spectrum of virulence for sheep, with a consequent disease continuum ranging from complete lack of effect to severe necrotic separation of horn |
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What are the 2 clinical forms of Footrot? |
1) Virulent footrot 2) Benign footrot |
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What do the clinical findings of Footrot depend upon? |
- Strain of D. nodosus responsible - Number of feet affected - Breed of animal involved - Duration of disease - Occurrence of secondary myiasis (flystrike) - Environmental conditions |
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Name one disease that may be causing this sheep to walk on its knees? |
Footrot |
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What does this image demonstrate? |
Severe case of Footrot |
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What are some DDx for Footrot? |
- Ovine Interdigital Dermatitis - Benign Footrot - Foot abscess - Toe abscess -Strawberry Footrot (Dermatophilosis) - Contagious ecthyma (Scabby Mouth) - Blue Tongue - FMD - Laminities ETC |
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What are the recommended footbaths for Footrot treatment? |
Zinc sulphate OR Radicate (Copper based solution) |
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How long must a paddock be kept free of stock to be considered clean from Footrot? |
At least one week (D. nodosus doesn't persist in soil or pasture for longer than this) |
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How can Footrot be eradicated? |
1) Segregate healthy animals on clean pasture 2) Eliminate infected animals by tx 3) Eliminate infected animals by sale/slaughter 4) Vaccination |
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Is Footrot in cattle the same (aetiologically & pathologically) as Footrot in sheep? |
No- different |
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What are the causative organisms of foot abscesses? |
- F. necrophorum - Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
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What does this radiograph of a sheep's foot show? |
Fibrosis of the distal interphalangeal joint (P2-P3) |
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What do these images depict? |
a) Foot abscess- sinus tract above the coronet b) Chronic foot abscess- deformed digit |
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What might be the cause of this? |
Blue Tongue- reddish bluish ring (haemorrhagic lesion) forms around the coronary band |
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What are the clinical findings of FMD? |
- Sudden severe lameness - Lie down, unwilling to rise (flock basis) - Stand in a half-crouched position - Clinically unapparent to crippling disease - Blisters where horn joins skin, horn separated from tissues underneath - Vesicles on bulbs of heel - Blisters in mouth not always seen |
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What diseases of sheep could be confused with FMD? |
1) Bluetongue (mouth lesions, foot lesions, neonatal mortality) 2) Enterotoxaemia (lamb sudden deaths) 3) Footrot (foot lesions) 4) Ovine Interdigital Dermatitis (foot lesions) 5) Scabby Mouth (mouth & teat lesions) |
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What is seen here? |
Separated Wall (Shelly hoof, Clover burn, Dry separation)- separation of outer wall from underlying epidermal tissues |
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What is seen here? |
Laminitis & coronitis (Bluetongue) |
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What is the pathophysiology behind Tall Fescue Lameness? |
- Vasoconstriction caused by ergot alkaloids produced by the fescue endophyte may result in gangrene of extremities |
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This sheep is seen- abnormal posture, gait, hunched, stiff, weak, froth at mouth, red urine- cause? |
Myopathy |
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In what situations do outbreaks of Vit E responsive myopathy occur? |
- Weaner sheep grazing dry grass pastures or cereal stubbles in summer/autumn - Lambs born to ewes on grain or roughage diets - Housed sheep fed rations low in Vit E |
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What is seen here? |
Hereditary chondrodysplasis of blackface sheep (spider lamb syndrome) |
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What is the most common organism causing fibrinous arthritis in Australia? |
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
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What are some causative organisms of purulent arthritis? |
- A. pyogenes - F. necrophorum, Histophilus ovis, Staphylococcus or Streptococcus sp |
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What is seen here? |
Arthritis- enlargement of affected joint |
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What are some DDx for arthritis? |
1) Nutritional myopathy 2) Spinal abscess 3) Delayed swayback |
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What is the aetiology behind PEM? |
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency: - Destruction of thiamine by bacterial thiaminases synthesised in rumen & GIT - Ingested plant thiaminases (eg. Bracken) - High intake of sulphur, sulphides or sulphates in feed or water Sequel to lactic acidosis |
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Likely cause of this sheep's clinical signs? |
Polioencephalomalacia |
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Brain appears like this under UV light- diagnosis? |
Polioencephalomalacia |
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What are the DDx for PEM (CNS signs)? |
- Enterotoxaemia - Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia - Listerial encephalitis/meningitis - Louping ill (notifiable, exotic) - Scrapie (notifiable, exotic) - Visna (notifiable, exotic) - Tetanus - Other causes of blindness - Brain abscess/tumour |
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What are the DDx for PEM (metabolic signs?) |
- Intestinal parasitism - Other causes of ill-thrift |
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What time of year are most cases of annual ryegrass toxicity reported? |
November/December |
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What is the cause of ARGT? |
Consumption of annual ryegrass seedheads (Lolium rigidum) infected with Rathayibacter toxicus (bacteria transported to the plant via the nematode Anguina funesta) |
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What plant is this? How can you tell? |
- Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)- can tell zig-zag pattern to flower-head spike |
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What is the likely cause of a sheep having convulsions precipitated by exercise during hot weather, or a sheep with intermittent convulsions & apparently normal between episodes, or a sheep jumping or falling over when driven? |
ARGT |
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What are the DDx for ARGT? |
- Botulism - BSE - Enterotoxaemia - HypoMg - Listeriosis - Nervous ergotism - Perennial Ryegrass Staggers - Phalaris Staggers - PEM - Tremorgenic mycotoxins - Other TMU toxicities |
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What is the best option for eradicating ARGT? |
- Introduction of Dilophosphora alopecuri (Twist fungus)- natural competitor to ARGT bacterium for nematode to enter plant |
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What is the first thing to rule out in a sheep that is circling? |
Listeriosis |
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3 sheep found dead under a tree- possible cause? |
Lighting strike |
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Gram +ve spore-forming bacterial rod- what is it? |
Bacillus anthracis |
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Animals presented with sudden death, blood-stained or tarry discharge from nose, mouth, anus & blood oozing from wounds caused by predators. What should be the first thing you suspect? |
Anthrax (but some animals may die without showing characteristic signs of blood discharge) |
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What is the pathogenesis of Botulism? |
Toxins of Clostridium botulinim (mainly types C & D) ingested & absorbed into blood stream. Toxin has affinity for presynaptic terminals of cholinergic nerves --> blocks release of ACh --> ascending flaccid paralysis. Death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles |
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What time of year do most outbreaks of botulism occur? |
Summer or early autumn |
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Sheep are seen to be depressed, separate from the mob, wriggling tails as though flystruck, when driven = stiff gait, head held to one side or bobbed up & down, will lie down then get up again after a short walk, head drooped & drooling saliva. Likely Dx? |
Botulism |
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What are the DDx for Botulism? |
- Flystrike - Hypocalcaemia - Plant poisoning (eg. oxalates, subacute 1080) |
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How can you prevent botulism? |
- When an outbreak occurs, move sheep to another paddock with no carcasses - Vaccinate (type C/D Cl. botulinum toxoid)- 4wks later can go into original paddock - On properties where losses occur each summer, vax 3-4wks before losses expected - Ensure good nutrition - Remove carcasses from dams, grazing areas etc |
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What are the predisposing factors to enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney)? |
- Improved diet or sudden change to a diet rich in CHOs - Milk feeding - Heavy infestations with tapeworms - Lack of exercise - Ingestion of stinkwort plant (--> atony of SI) |
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What lab findings may be found in a sheep with enterotoxaemia? |
- Glycosuria - Hyperglycaemia - Haemoconcentration - Incr blood levels of pyruvate, lactate and alpha ketoglutarate |
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A sheep that died suddenly is necropsied. It is in good body condition, but hydropericardium, pulmonary oedema, watery contents of SI, autolysis of kidney and tiger stripe haemorrhages on the diaphragm are seen. Dx? |
Enterotoxaemia |
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When should ewes be vaccinated for Pulpy Kidney (enterotoxaemia)? |
- At mating - Prior to lambing |
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When should lambs be vaccinated for Pulpy Kidney (enterotoxaemia)? |
- Marking - Weaning - Booster at one year |
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What does the 5-in-1 Clostridial vaccine protect against? 6-in-1? |
- Cl. septicum - Cl. chauvoei - Cl. tetani - Cl. novyi - Cl. perfringens type D - 6-in-1 = Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
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What is the minimum oral lethal dose of Selenium? |
2.2mg/kg |
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What are the 2 forms of sudden death on Phalaris? |
1) Cardiac sudden death 2) PEM-like nervous syndrome |
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This sheep's skin was torn by handling during shearing. Likely Dx? |
Dermatosparaxis (skin fragility)- inherited deficiency in an enzyme involved in collagen biosynthesis |
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The black wool on this sheep has depigmented, with grey to white bands. It also has limp, steely wool. Cause? Tx? |
Cu deficiency --> inadequate keratinisation. Give Cu --> return to normal keratinisation within a few hours
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What are some DDx for alopecia in a sheep? |
- Iodine deficiency (newborns) - Starving --> eat own/other sheep's wool - Bored, housed sheep --> chew on one another - Self-inflicted alopecia (in UK housed sheep infested with forage mite Tyroglyphid spp) |
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What does a tip break in the fleece mean? |
Stress period occurred some time in the 2-4m that followed shearing in the previous year |
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What does a middle break in the fleece mean? |
Stress period occurred some time between 5-8m prior to shearing the current year |
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What does a base break in fleece mean? |
Stress period occurred some time in the last 2-4m prior to shearing in the current year |
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A sheep is seen with scaly ears and weepy eyes, matting of wool around eyes. Dx? |
Cobalt deciciency (Vit B12 deficiency) |
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A sheep is seen with greasy and matted hair, hyperaemia & pruritis, alopecia, and thick fissures/crusts on many parts of the body. Likely Dx? |
Zn deficiency |
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Define primary photosensitisation |
Photosensitising agent is a substance not normally encountered in the diet (eg. a plant pigment- hypericin or fagopyrin, or a substance used for medication- eg. phenothiazine) Sensitising agents pass via bloodstream --> skin --> induce lesions when exposed to sunlight Signs within 4-5d of going onto pasture containing plant pigments. New cases cease after animals removed. Large quantities needed |
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Define secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitisation |
Photosensitising substance is a phylloerythrin Biliary secretion is interfered with by hepatitis or an acute obstruction, phylloerythrin accumulates in bloodstream --> skin --> sensitive to light Usually sheep grazing green pasture Primey lesion is liver lesion due to ingested plant, fungal or unknown toxins |
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What is the role of phylloerythrin in normal ruminant digestion? |
Cholorphyll degraded by rumen microbes into phylloerythrin which is absorbed into the portal blood, transported to liver & transferred into the bile for excretion. |
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What is this plant? What would you think if sheep were grazing this dominantly and developed skin lesions on face? |
Caltrop- Tribulis terrestris. Causes photosensitivity |
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What may be some clinical findings in photosensitisation? |
- Restlessness - Intense itching/rubbing or scratching of affected parts - Shade seeking - Loss of wool/hair on face, lower limbs - Ewes may refuse to let lambs suckle - Incr temp - Erythema & subcut oedema, bottle jaw - Drooping ears heavy with fluid |
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What are the 2 types of signs seen with secondary photosensitisation? |
i) Due to damage done to liver by a toxin (eg. depression, anorexia, D+, jaundice) ii) Caused by the presence in the skin of substance normally eliminated in bile (signs like those in primary sensitivity) |
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What would you think if you saw this sheep? |
Photosensitisation |
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What diseases might be confused with photosensitisation? |
- Swelled Head of rams - Other skin lesions including sunburn - Sheep Pox (exotic) - Bluetongue (exotic) |
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What is the definition of Fleece Rot? |
An exudative dermatitis due to wetting & bacterial activity |
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What is the economic importance of Fleece Rot? |
- Major predisposing factor to bodystrike (esp in Eastern Aus) - Decr value of affected wool |
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What is the dominant organism seen in Fleece Rot? |
Pseudomonas spp (eg. Pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
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What is the best indicator of susceptibility to Fleece Rot? |
- Greasy wool colour- white, waxy fleeces = more resistant; yellow fleeces = more susceptible |
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What is seen here? |
Seropurulent exudation and green bands of matted wool fibres adjacent to skin = Pseudomonas aeruginosa = Fleece Rot |
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What might Fleece Rot be confused with? |
- Dermatophilosis (look at lesion distribution- Fleece rot = loins, back, withers) - Bacterial Discoloration - Water stain |
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What is "Devil's Grip"? |
Inherited defect in conformation- depression behind the withers. Affected sheep predisposed to Fleece Rot dermatitis & flystrike |
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What do these 4 sites represent? |
Sites where you look for staining/crusting in the Fleece Rot scoring system (back of neck; wither; loin; rump) |
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What is the causative organism of Dermatophilosis? |
Dermatophilus congolensis- aerobic Gram +ve pleomorphic bacterium which resembles a fungus (branching, filaments, septate) |
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What conditions are necessary for Dermatophilosus outbreaks to occur? |
1) Source of infection (eg. infected sheep) 2) Moisture (rainfall, jetting, dipping) 3) A means to transfer zoospores to other sheep (close contact- eg. yarding, trucking, herding) 4) Susceptible sheep (haven't been infected previously, or susceptible skin- damaged) |
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Exudative dermatitis & hard scabs on ears and nose of a sheep following rainfall- Dx? |
Dermatophilosus |
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What does this image depict? |
Scabs in the wool of sheep infected with Dermatophilosus |
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What is "Strawberry Footrot"? |
Dermatophilosus causing lesions on the hair of the legs, especially coronet to knee or hock joints |
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True or False: a sheep with Dermatophilosis is generally not pruritic? |
True |
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What are the DDx for Dermo? |
- Fleece Rot - Photosensitisation - Contagious ecthyma (Scabby Mouth) - Sunburn - Sheep pox (Exotic) |
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How should Dermo be treated? |
- Attempt to shear sheep before considering any tx - Sheep which cannot be shorn or which are poorly shorn should be the only ones treated with ABs (one injection Oxytet LA 20mg/kg IM, WHP 42d) - Treat only those with active lesions (scabs attached to skin) - Then shear 6-8wks later |
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What is the approximate rate of wool growth? |
1cm/month |
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How can you trace the transmission event for Dermo? |
Measure distance between base of lesion in wool & the skin- how many cm = how many months ago |
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Is there a successful vaccination for Dermo? |
NO |
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Does urobilin staining of wool scour out? |
No |
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What is a possible cause of the colour of this sheep? |
Copper sulphate stain- does not scour out |
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What is a possible cause of the colour of this sheep? |
Orange bloom dip |
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What is the incubation period of Scabby Mouth Disease? How long is the course of disease? |
- Incubation period = 1.5-2 days - Course of disease = 1-8 weeks |
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Where do Scabby Mouth lesions usually develop? |
Usually develop first at the corner of the lips, then spread to the muzzle, nostrils. Also lower leg (usually hindleg) above coronets. Udder in ewes |
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What is this disease? How can a Dx be confirmed? |
Scabby Mouth Disease. Best way to confirm is electron microscopic ID of the virus- not usually done except to differentiate SMD from Bluetongue or Sheep Pox |
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This virus is seen on electron microscopy. Dx? |
Scabby Mouth Disease (Orf Virus) |
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What diseases might Scabby Mouth Disease be confused with? |
- Blue Tongue (notifiable, exotic) - FMD (notifiable, exotic) - Sheep & Goat Pox (notifiable, exotic) - Dermatophilosis - Strawberry Footrot (Dermo) - Photosensitisation - Actinobacillosis |
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What are these 2 viruses (top & bottom) |
Top = Capripoxvirus (Sheep Pox & Goat Pox) Bottom = Parapoxvirus (Orf Virus- Scabby Mouth) |
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How can you tell the difference between Sheep Pox & Goat Pox, and SMD? |
- Lab confirmation - High fever in SP/GT, usually no fever with SMD - SP/GP = systemic, SMD = non-systemic. Viraemia in SP/GP - Skin main site of SMD infection, internal lesions esp lungs in SP/GP (resp distress). Internal lesions rare in SMD - Salivation and nasal discharge in SP/GP - SP/GP = lesions over whole body. SMD = face, udder, legs - Death uncommon due to SMD, common in SP/GP
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What is the most common clinical sign of Scrapie? Other clinical signs? |
Pruritis most common CS Other signs = ataxia & weight loss |
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What is the name of the blowfly responsible for the majority of flystrike cases? What colour is it? |
Lucilia cuprina- mtallic green |
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What is the name of the sheep body (biting) louse? |
Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis |
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T or F: L. cuprina lay eggs on carcasses and manure |
False- lay eggs on a moist area on a live sheep |
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How long does it take for a Lucilia maggot to complete its life cycle? |
Within 72h (3d) |
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What are fly waves in Spring caused by? |
Due to emergence of adults from pupae overwintering in the soil (>15C to hatch) |
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What are fly waves in Summer/Autumn caused by? |
Associated with rainfall during summer or autumns |
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What components are required for flystrike to occur? |
1) Susceptible sheep 2) Blowflies 3) Moisture |
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What is seen here? |
Sheep with severe body strike |
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What is the treatment for flystrike? |
1) Clip wool over struck area 5-10cm 2) Burn struck wool or put in plastic bag & leave in sun 3) Apply flystrike dressing (eg. ivermectin) 4) Treat predisposing conditions 5) Prevent re-strike (eg. spinosad or cyromazine) |
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What does this image show? |
The Lucitrap- to attract and capture Lucilia cuprina. |
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What is the scientific name for the Sheep Nasal Bot Fly? |
Oestrus ovis |
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This sheep was seen rubbing its body against fences, chewing/biting at fleece. Possible cause? |
Sheep body louse (Bovicola/Damalinia) ovis |
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What is this? |
Bovicola ovis (sheep body louse) |
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What is the difference between Linognathus pedalis & Linognathus ovillus (both sucking louse)? |
- Linognathus pedalis = foot louse - Linognathus ovillus = face louse (not present in WA) |
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What might derangement of fleece caused by lice infestation be confused with? |
- Itchmite (Psorobia ovis) - Grass seeds - Sheep Scab (exotic) - Scrapie (exotic) |
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What might rubbing or chewing of fleece caused by lice infestation be confused with? |
- Dermatophilosis - Fleece Rot - Blowfly strike - Allergic dermatitis - Scrapie - Sheep Scab |
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Compare and contrast lice vs itchmite |
- Both are obligate parasites - Lice = sheep & goats; itchmite = sheep - Lice spread rapidly, itchmite spreads slowly - Lice infection to signs = 3m (itchmite unknown) - Lice heat after shearing --> decr; itchmite cold temps --> incr - Lice seen in sunlight, itchmite seen in skin scraping, microscopy - Lice = high % of flock; itchmite = <20% |
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Possible DDx for this sheep (deranged fleece)? |
- Body louse (Bovicola ovis) - Itchmite |
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What is this? |
Itchmite = Psorobia ovis |
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What do you do if lice are detected in a sheep with short wool (<6wks off shears)? |
Use an IGR |
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What do you do if lice are detected in a sheep with long wool (>6m off shears)? |
Options: - Premature shearing - Selective tx using Extinosad - Whole flock tx using Extinosad |
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Scrotum of a ram- yellowish crusts & pustules, ram kicks/rubs at HLs. Dx? |
Scrotal mange mite (Chorioptes bovis) |
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Sheep with large, itchy red patches on back & shoulders, marked irritation. Possible Dx? |
Sheep Scab (notifiable & exotic in Aust) |
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What is the most common cause of deaths during winter shearing? |
Hypocalcaemia (fasting- holding in yards) |
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Why are sheep shorn in summer more at risk of dying from hypothermia? |
Conditioned to hot weather, if cold weather occurs after shearing = greater risk, because they have not been acclimatised to the cold, and cannot adapt to a sudden drop in temperature |
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What are the clinical findings of hypothermia? |
- Shivering, huddling, depression, collapse - Able to stand but hunched, reluctant to move - Cold legs & extremities - Pale mm - Low rectal temp - Recumbent --> shock --> death - +/- signs of preg tox, hypoCa |
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How can you prevent post-shearing hypothermia? |
- Good nutrition in month prior to shearing (eg. oats) - Local knowledge, sheep weather alerts - Shelter & food for shorn sheep - Snow comb - Act if sheep appear to be in danger - Plastic coats |
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What is the single biggest contributor to sheep meat carcass condemnation and rejection in Australia? |
Caseous lymphadenitis |
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What is the main treatment for caseous lymphadenitis? |
Surgical excision of the affected lymph node (with antibiotic therapy as supplementary tx) |
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What is the organism causing Caseous lymphadenitis? |
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
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What is the main method of infection with caseous lymphadenitis? |
Probably gains entry to the body at or soon after shearing (via abrasions, cuts or intact skin) |
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What is the most important method of transmission of caseous lymphadenitis? |
Spread from sheep with lung lesions that cough bacteria into the environment and onto the skin of other sheep |
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What do these images depict? |
Caseous lymphadenitis |
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What are the common lymph nodes affected by caseous lymphadenitis? |
- Prescapular (superficial cervical) - Prefemoral (subiliac) - Supramammary (inguinofemoral) - Popliteal |
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What are the DDx for caseous lymphadenitis? |
- Meliodosis (Burkholderia pseudomalleia) - Maedi (pulmonary involvement) - Tuberculosis (in goats) |
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What is the recommended method of control of caseous lymphadenitis? |
Vaccination (eg. Glanvac, 6-in-1) 2 shots plus yearly boosters best- ideally give boosters 4-8wks before shearing |
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What is the difference between primary and secondary wool follicles? What is the S/P ratio in merinos? Very fine wool? |
Primary = medullated, hairy, kemp Secondary = non-medullated, fine S/P ratio merinos = 20-25:1 S/P ratio very fine wool = 50-60:1 |
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When do wool follicles develop? |
- Primary follicles initiated 45-55d after conception - Secondary original follicles develop during 3rd trimester - Secondary derived follicles form after birth |
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Samples of all wool that comes under the auction system are tested for...? Additional measurements? |
Tested for: 1) YIeld (clean fibre) 2) Fibre diameter (microns) 3) Vegetable matter (VM%) Additional measurements: 1) Staple length (mm) 2) Staple strength (N/ktex) 3) Position of break (POB) |
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How is wool classified for SS? |
- Sound: >30N/ktex - Part tender: 25-30N/ktex - Tender: 20-25N/ktex - Rotten: <20N/ktex |
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What is the greatest influence on wool quality & price? |
Fibre diameter |
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How can a farmer reduce wool fibre diameter? |
1) Alteration of flock structure 2) Reduction of feed 3) Genetic manipulation- best technique because changes are permanent |
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What is the first thing to rule out in a case of diarrhoea? |
Internal parasites |
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Which sheep should be tested in a Drench Resistance Test? |
Undrenched lambs/weaners 3-6 months old |
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What is the faecal egg count needed for a drench resistance test to begin? |
Minimum of 250-300 eggs/gram of faeces |
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What in involved in a "quarantine drench" when introducing sheep to a farm? |
- Drench introduced sheep to exclude all worms - Drench with monepantel (Zolvix) plus abamectin or moxidectin plus a BZ/LEV combination - Sheep should be released onto the wormiest pasture available, to dilute any drench surviving worms |
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What is the most common source of infection with Salmonellosis? |
Faecal-oral route via contaminated feed and water |
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What groups are most susceptible to Salmonellosis? |
- Weaners - Sheep being transported - Sheep at high stocking rates in feedlots - Stressed sheep- food/water deprivation, transportation, crowding etc- outbreaks |
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Large volume of watery green faeces from a depressed, febrile sheep- Dx? |
Salmonellosis |
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What diseases might be confused with Salmonellosis? |
1) Campylobacteriosis (Weaner colitis) 2) Coccidiosis 3) Nematodiasis 4) Johne's Disease 5) Nairobi Sheep Disease 6) Peste Des Petits Ruminants 7) Rinderpest 8) Yersiniosis |
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What are some nematode infections that cause diarrhoea? |
- Trichostrongylus spp (Black Scour Worm) - Nematodirus - Oesophagostomum - Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) - Chabertia - Trichuris |
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A 7 day old lamb presents with profuse watery diarrhoea --> death. Possible diagnosis? |
Cryptosporidiosis |
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What are the clinical signs of Coccidiosis? |
Diarrhoea or dysentery, abdominal pain, poor growth rate, anaemia, death |
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What is the treatment for Coccidiosis in sheep? |
Toltrazuril 20mg/kg (Baycoz Piglet Coccidiocide) off-label in Australia (don't use poultry version) |
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What are some causes of bloat in sheep? |
- May occur on succulent legume pasture - Congenital Progressive Ovine Muscular Dystrohy (rare) - Hypocalcaemia - Lactic acidosis |
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What are some causes of bloat in goats? |
- Goats grazing succulent legumes - Hypocalcaemia - Lactic acidosis - Secondary to oesophageal choke |
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What are the CS of sheep that have sustained drenching gun/slow release pellet administration injuries? |
- Loss of condition (drenched 2-3wks previously) - Green staining of mouth, lower jaw - Unable to swallow properly, usually develop a swelling under jaw - Abscesses in the throat |
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These PM findings are from a sheep drenched recently- Dx? |
Drenching pneumonia (aspirated material in airways, pulmonary oedema, congestion of lungs) |
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These worms were found inside a sheep that died after showing signs of anaemia & weakness. Dx? |
Haemonchosis (Haemonchus contortus) |
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What are the "scour" worms (in order of importance)? |
- Trichostrongylus spp - Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta - Nematodirus spp - Cooperia spp - Chabertia ovina - Oesophagostomum spp |
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These worms (small) were found in a sheep that showed signs of illthrift & scouring prior to death. Dx? |
Trichostrongylus |
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What signs are seen in acute liver fluke? Chronic? |
Acute (immature flukes): liver haemorrhage, jaundice, deaths Chronic (adult flukes): ill thrift, anaemia, bottle jaw |
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What climatic conditions does Haemonchus require? |
Warm & moist conditions (tropics, summer rainfall areas, spring/autumn in winter rainfall areas) |
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What climatic conditions do Scour Worms require? |
More cold tolerant- most important in temperate-climate regions |
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What are the main things governing worm burden in sheep? |
- Drenches (drench resistance) - Worm intake rate (environment, season, pasture management, stocking rate) - Natural immunity (host species, age, worm exposure, nutritional state, genetics) |
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What is the principle behind strategic treatments/pasture planning for endoparasite control? |
Treat at seasonal times of minimal presence of nematode larvae, OR move sheep onto pastures managed to have minimal worm larval populations, SO sheep are not immediately re-infected and maintain low worm burdens for as long as possible |
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What does anthelmintic resistance mean? |
An increase in the proportion of worms in a population capable of tolerating a drug (a genetic trait)- reduces effectiveness of immediate treatment and pre-emptive strategic control programs (but usually invisible until reaches severe level) |
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What are the causes of anthelmintic resistance? |
- Under-dosing - Frequent treatment - Persistent (long-acting) anthelmintics - Environment-treatment interactions |
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How is "resistance" defined when testing for drench resistance (using Faecal Worm Egg Count Reduction Test)? |
Resistance = less than a 95% reduction in worm egg count in treated vs non-treated control sheep for a given worm species |
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What are the 4 steps to take when evaluating nutritional status? |
1) Feed sources for sheep 2) Nutritional requirements for sheep (diff classes, diff stages of production) 3) Observation of sheep & feed- matching 4) Data collection and benchmarking (flock structure, stocking rate, production) |
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What is the main driver of wool production/ha? |
Stocking rate |
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What is the main value of grazing stubbles? |
The grain on the ground |
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What affects stubble quality? |
- Rainfall (less rainfall, more digestibility) - Time after harvest (microbial, weather degradation) |
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What are the guidelines for BCS for ewes at joining? Pregnancy? Lactation? |
Joining: 3+ Pregnancy: 2.5 (<2 lifetime effects) Lactation: can drop, but never <2.0 |
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How is grain used for sheep feed in Australia? |
1) Stubbles 2) Cereal grain- supplementary feeding 3) Standing crops- grazed |
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How can you prevent enterotoxaemia? |
1) Introduce concentrates over 2 weeks 2) Feed roughage 3) Vaccinate susceptible animals |
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What is the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis? |
An energy-rich diet may result in the proliferation of certain micro-organisms and production of acid in the rumen Ruminal pH is lowered to values of between 6.0 and 5.0 (normally pH is 6 to 7) |
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What is the main health problem/cause of death in feedlots? |
Lactic acidosis (rumen acidosis) |
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What are the clinical findings of lactic acidosis? |
- Depression, weakness, ataxia - Inappetance, anorexia, rumen stasis - Abdominal pain, teeth grinding - Dehydration - Diraahoea (faeces like porridge, or fluid, foul smelling) - Incr HR, incr RR, nasal discharge |
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What pH of ruminal fluid is suggestive of lactic acidosis? |
pH < 5.0 |
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This is the rumen of a dead, bloated sheep- likely Dx? |
Lactic acidosis (filled with grain) |
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Within what time frame of starting a grain diet are the following conditions seen: - Lactic acidosis? - Enterotoxaemia? - Polioencephalomalacia? |
- Lactic acidosis: within hours of starting a grain diet - Enterotoxaemia: within days of starting a grain diet - PEM: within weeks of starting a grain diet |
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What signs would lead you to give a poor prognosis for lactic acidosis? |
- Clinical signs have developed rapidly - Blood pH <7.2 & - Rumen pH <4.5 |
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What are the 3 components of treatment for rumen acidosis? |
1) To correct acidosis 2) To correct dehydration 3) To restore rumen motility |
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What is the safest grain to feed to prevent lactic acidosis? |
Lupins (no starch) |
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What are 3 common myopathies (associated with grain/stubble feeding)? |
1) Vit E deficiency 2) Se deficiency 3) Lupinosis-associated myopathy |
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What are some causes of deaths associated with grazing green oat crops? |
1) Hypocalcaemia 2) Nitrate poisoning 3) Diarrhoea (lush feed high in starch & water content) |
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What is the main problem associated with feeding silage? |
Listeriosis |
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What are the problems associated with grazing stands of lucerne/alfalfa (Medicago sativa)? |
1) Bloat 2) Red Gut 3) Se deficiency 4) Interfility due to oestrogenic compounds- damaged plants |
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What are the problems associated with grazing clover? |
1) Bloat 2) Calculi (oestrogenic varieties) 3) Infertility (oestrogenic varieties) 4) Photosensitisation 5) Red Gut 6) Uterine prolapse (oestrogenic varieties) |
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What are some conditions associated with grazing lupin plant material and/or lupin seed/grain? |
1) Ammonia toxicity 2) Discoloration of the fleece 3) Hemimelia 4) Lupin alkaloid poisoning 5) Lupinosis 6) Lupinosis associated myopathy 7) Nutritional myopathy 8) Posthitis/balanoposthitis 9) Rumen acidosis 10) Rumenitis |
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What grain changes is transition required? What grain changes is transition not required? |
Transition needed: - Oats to wheat - Oats to barley - Barley to wheat No transition needed: - Wheat to barley - Wheat to oats - Barley to oats |
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What is the ranking of carbohydrate in grains, from highest to lowest? |
Wheat > triticale > barley > oats > peas > lupins |
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What are some differentials for a sheep with jaundice? |
- Liver damage due to toxic plants- eg. Caltrop (Tribulus), Panicum spp, Myoporum spp, Lantant, Heliotrope - Liver damage due to blue green algal poisoning or sporidesmin from Pithomyces chartarum (facial eczema) - Chemical poisoning- carbontetrachloride, P - Haemolytic jaundice- copper poisoning - Eperythrozoonosis - Leptospirosis - Pigments from the diet |
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How do you treat copper poisoning? |
- Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate SC 3.4mg/kg BW, 3 doses on days 1,3,5 OR - Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate IV 1.7mg/kg BW, 3 doses on days 1,3,5 OFF-LABEL |
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Name some primary nutritional causes of wasting |
1) Complete food deprivation 2) Inanition (malnutrition) 3) Co deficiency 4) Cu deficiency 5) Se deficiency 6) Hypovitaminosis A |
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Name some bacterial causes of weight loss |
1) Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD)- paratuberculosis 2) Caseous lymphadenitis 3) Tuberculosis- esp goats 4) Other- eg. Actinobacillosis |
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What is the causative organism of OJD? What are the main strains? |
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - C strain & S strain |
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What species does the C strain of OJD affect? |
Cattle, goats, alpaca, rarely sheep, deer, rabbits, mice, ferrets, scavenging birds, carnivores, kangaroo, wallaby |
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What species does the S strain of OJD affect? |
Sheep, goats, rarely cattle, deer (but not fallow deer), kangaroo, wallaby |
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How long do S strains of OJD bacteria survive on pasture for? |
- Up to 13m in shaded areas - Up to 8m in exposed areas (sun) |
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An adult sheep shows sporadic, progressive weight loss, despite good nutrition and anthelmintic treatment. What should you consider? |
OJD |
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What tests are used for OJD in live sheep? Dead sheep? |
Live sheep: - Blood tests - Faecal tests - Surgical biopsy Dead sheep: - PM findings - Histopath, culture |
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Does the OJD vaccination provide colostral immunity? |
NO |
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What are the principal aims of the National OJD Management Plan? |
1) To minimise the risk of infection by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis spreading to properties and regions that currently appear dz free 2) To reduce the financial impact and adverse animal health and welfare effects of the disease on individual flocks, and on the sheep industry as a whole |
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What are some viral causes of wasting? |
1) Ovinr Progressive Pneumonia (Maedi) 2) Caprine arthritis - encaphalitis (goats) 3) Contagious ecthyma (Scabby Mouth) 4) Blue Tongue (Exotic) |
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What does this image depict? |
Burnt sheep |
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What do you need to decide when dealing with burnt sheep? |
1) Destroy immediately 2) Send to abattoir 3) Attempt treatment |
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What are the common causative agents of Ovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye/Contagious Ophthalmia)? |
Mycoplasma spp Moraxella ovis |
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What is seen here? How is it treated? |
Ovine Keratoconjunctivitis - Spontaneous recovery often within 3wks - Tx early in course of dz will prevent blindness- single injection of LA oxytetracycline (200mg/mL at 20mg/kg) - Relapses may occur - Remove from dusty environment, provide feed & water |
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What can cause blindness in sheep? |
1) Preg Tox 2) PEM 3) Infectious OK 4) FSE 5) Plant poisoning (eg. blind grass, bracken fern = bright blindness) 6) Chemical poisoning (eg. OD of closantel, or rafoxanide) 7) Space Occupying brain lesion 8) Wool blind |
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What are some mineral deficiencies that can cause anaemia (due to inadequate response of bone marrow to Epo)? |
- Iron (housed sheep) - Cobalt - Copper |
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What is seen here? Possible causes? |
Sheep with bottle jaw- hypoproteinaemia. If with anaemia, DDx = loss of whole blood (eg. trauma), heavy infestation of blood feeding parasites (eg. ked), internal parasites (eg. Haemonchus, Coccidia), chronic wasting dz (eg. OJD) If no anaemia DDx = heavy infestation of non-blood feeding intestinal parasites (eg. Cooperia, Trichostrongylus), OJD, severe renal or liver dz (eg. Fascioliasis), photosensitisation, bluetongue |
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What is wrong with this sheep? |
Severely anaemic |
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What are the predisposing factors to respiratory disease in sheep? |
- Housing - High stocking density around water sources - Weather (rain, wind) - Mixing of animals from multiple sources - Stress (transportation) - Introduction of animals to flock |
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What is the likely Dx in a sheep with a non-progressive pneumonia, and dark red/brown anteroventral consolidation of lungs seen on PM? |
Mycoplasma pneumonia (Atypical pneumonia, enzootic pneumonia) |
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What is the name for the contagious tumour of lungs in sheep? |
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte, Pulmonary carcinoma, Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis) |
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What is the best way to confirm diagnosis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma? |
Wheel barrow test: pick sheep up by hindlimbs, copious clear nasal discharge |
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This is seen when a sheep is tipped up from hindlimbs (wheel barrowed). Dx? |
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte, Pulmonary carcinoma) |
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What 2 conditions are most common in Texel sheep? |
- Copper toxicity - Laryngeal chondritis |
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What is the treatment for Mannheimia haemolytic pneumonia? |
- In acute cases give Oxytet slow IV 10mg/kg, then IM daily for 3-4d (or single IM LA Oxytet 20mg/kg) - NSAID to control endotoxaemia |
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What is the drug of choice for treatment of lung abscesses? |
Penicillin (because Arcanobacter pyogenes is often isolated) |
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What is the treatment for laryngeal chondritis? |
Give dexamethasone IV or IM to reduce oedema Give ABs for 7-10d |
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How are polled goats & intersex connected? |
Homozygous, polled (PP) ie. dominant gene for absence of horns is associated with recessive gene with incomplete penetrance for intersex (ie. 2 polled parents) |
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At what age is disbudding of kids best done? |
Between 2-7d |
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What is the best method for disbudding? |
Electric Iron disbudding |
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What age is suitable for surgical dehorning? |
>12 months |
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What sites do you block in a cornual nerve block for dehorning? |
1) Cornual branch of lacrimal nerve (supraorbital process landmark) 2) Cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve dorsomedial to eye close to orbit |
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What signs on a goat show evidence of bullying? |
-Bite marks on ears & hocks - Bare skin - Remaining away from the main group of goats |
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What welfare indicators should you look for on an individual goat? |
1) Teats & udder & conformation 2) BCS 3) Lameness score & claw overgrowth 4) Skin lesions 5) Cleanliness 6) Discharges 7) Swellings 8) Horns- deformed, damaged |
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Name some problem behaviours seen in goats |
1) Self-suckling 2) Wood-chewing, bar-biting etc 3) Lack of exercise 4) Grazing on kneew 5) Pseudopregnancy "Cloudburst" |
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How can you prevent self suckling in dairy goats? |
- Feed ad lib straw in addition to ordinary feed (increases ruminating time; increases oral activity) |
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What are some possible causes of unwanted wood-chewing & bar-biting in goats? |
- Phosphorus deficiency - Boredom - Lack of roughage |
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A doe presents with a bilaterally distended abdomen, behaving as though she is pregnant but wasn't mated. Dx? Tx? |
Pseudopregnancy (false pregnancy, cloudburst, hydrometra) Tx: - PG (eg. dinoprost) 5-10mg IM, then oxytocin 2-10 units IM or SC - A second injection of PG may be needed 12d later |
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Why is CAE a problem? |
- Occurs mainly in dairy goats - It is a market access issue - It is a chronic disease - Adversely affects goat health & production - Welfare issue |
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What is the main method of spread of CAE? |
Vertical transmission of doe to kid after birth- through virus-infected colostrum (mainly) or milk |
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What are the 5 forms of CS of CAE? |
1) Polyarthritis/synovitis (most common) 2) Mammary gland- hard udder, agalactiae/hypogalactiae 3) Chronic interstitial pneumonia (rare) 4) Loss of weight 5) Neurological disease (kids) |
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What does a +ve CAE test result mean? |
- Goat has been infected with CAE virus & has made Abs- the Ab is not protective so any Ab positive goat should be considered infected |
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What does a -ve CAE test result mean? |
Not infected OR recently infected |
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How should you heat-treat goat colostrum to feed kids (to stop exposure to CAE)? |
56C for 1 hour in a water bath |
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What is seen here? |
Goat with CLA (lymphadenitis of parotid lymph node) |
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What is this? |
Goat with CLA |
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What is the causative organism of Caprine Tuberculosis (TB)? |
Mycobacterium bovis |
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How can CLA and TB be differentiated? |
- Both have abscesses & can occur together - CLA = lesions in lymph nodes esp head & neck. TB = lesions in lung, thoracic lymph nodes, viscera - CLA = bacterial culture --> gram +ve short rod bacteria, not acid fast. TB = Ziehl-Neelsen stain acid-fast bacteria |
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Why is a CLA vaccine not used in countries with TB? |
Because CLA infected or vaccinated goats can give false +ve to the tuberculin skin test and to Johne's Disease serology |
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What is seen here? |
Salivary cyst + cyst attached to wattle |
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Which strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (JD) are goats affected by? |
Both cattle & sheep strains (most cattle) |
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How is Johne's Disease transmitted in goats? |
Through ingestion of pasture, water & bedding contaminated with faeces of infected animals? |
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Lymphadenomaegaly of the mesenteric lymph nodes & thickened ileum is seen in a wasted goat. Likely Dx? |
Johne's Disease |
