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Communication

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Refers to the process of sharing information between 2 or more people. The transmission of thoughts, feelings, from the mind of a speaker to the mind of a listener.
2main players (sender/receiver)
Processes: formulation, transmission, reception, comprehension

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formulation, transmission, reception, comprehension

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Formulation: pulling together thoughts
Transmission: conveying
Reception: receiving
Comprehension: understanding

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Modalities used for communication:

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Oral: Speech
Aural: Hearing

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Communication Function

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We ask for something, Giving directions, story telling, conversation and interaction, teaching

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Grice’s Maxims:

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Quantity: correct amount and type of info is presented to allow the listener to understand the information.
Quality: accuracy of the information
Relevance: Topic maintenance, appropriate to the listener and the situation.
Manner: fluency, turn taking, pauses, eye contact, loudness & pitch.

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Communication as it relates to:

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Hearing (Reception)
Language (Formulation, Comprehension)
Speech (Transmission)

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Language:

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a socially shared (1) code that uses a system of (2)arbitrary symbols to represent ideas that are meaningful to others, who know the same code. Language is (3) conventional or a rule governed system.
(4) Language is a representational tool: allows us to represent our thoughts.

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Specificity of Language:

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language is a human capability, and no other animals share this aptitude.

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Universality of Language

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Every human culture throughout the world has language.

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Samanticity:

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Language represents something: events, objects, concepts. It conveys meaning.

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Productivity:

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Language contains an endless number of combinations but a small number of governing rules that allow for unlimited communication. The possibility of recombination is endless. Even a limited vocabulary of an 18 month old child (approximately 50 word vocabulary) with combining and recombining can produce communication that allows a broad expression of needs.

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Rate of Acquisition of language:

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The first 5 years of lift is the most critical for language development. The rate of language development slows after age 5 and never again with the achievements made in these first 5 years be again possible in such a short period of time.

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Language Domains: (3 domain classification)

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Form, Use, Content

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Form

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How sounds and words are put together. How they are organized to convey meaning. (Syntax, Morphology, Phonology)

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Content

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meaning of language, the words we use and their assigned meaning, conveyed through our vocabulary or lexicon. The semantics of language.

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Use

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how language is used functionally for meeting personal and social needs. The pragmatics of language.

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3 components of Form

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1) Syntax: The rules of language and the internal organization, word order.
2) Morphology: rules that govern internal organization of words.(walk, verses walked, vs. walker)
3) Phonology: The rules of language governing the sounds we use to make syllables and words. 27 letters of the alphabet, 40 phonemes (standard American English) 15 vowels and 25 consonants.

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Component of Use

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Pragmatics: Social purpose and appropriateness of language. Using language for different purposes, organizing language for conversation (discourse), knowing, what to say, when and how to say it (social conventions).

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Component of Content

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Semantics- the rules of language that govern the meaning of words and combinations of words.

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Communication Impairments

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1) Developmental
2) Aquired

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Auditory System

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-outer ear
-middle ear
-inner ear

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Speech (neuromuscular)

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describes the neuromuscular process by which we turn language into sound signal that is transmitted through the air, to the receiver. Involves respiration, phonation and articulation.

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Hearing

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Perception of sound; applied to the communication process, audition involves specifically the perception of speech.

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Acoustics:
Phoneme:

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Study of sound
Smallest measure of sound

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Effective communicators are able to

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Formulate, transmit, receive and comprehend information from other individuals successfully

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Disorders of Speech

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a breakdown in one or more of the systems involved with speech production: respiration, phonation, articulation.

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Disorder of articulation

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present when a child fails to use speech sounds at a level appropriate for his or her age and cultural and linguistic background. (Clef Pallet)

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Fluency Disorder

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an abnormally high frequency or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech. Characteristics: repetition and prolongation of sounds and complete blockages of the airflow.

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Voice Disorder

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Lack of voice (aphonia)
Hoarse voice (dysphonia)

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Acoustic process:

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creation of a sound source, vibration of air particles, reception by the ear, comprehension by the brain