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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sleep
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is a cyclical physiological process that alternates with longer periods of wakefulness.
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The sleep cycle does what for the body?
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influences and regulates physiological function and behavioral responses.
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circadian rhythm
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24-hour, day-night cycle
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infradian rhythm
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one that occurs in a cycle longer than 24 hour. EX: woman's menstrual cycle
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ultradian rhythm
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biological cycles lasting less than 24 hours.
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Circadian rhythms include what?
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daily sleep-wake cycles, that are affected by light and temperature and external factors such as social activities and work routines.
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Reversals in the sleep-wake cycle such as falling asleep during the day (or vice versa for people who work nights) can indicate what?
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a serious illness
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What are common symptoms of disturbances in the sleep cycle?
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anxiety, restlessness, irritability, and impaired judgement.
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Normally, body temperature peaks when?
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in the afternoon, decreases gradually, and then drops sharply after a person falls asleep
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Sleep involves a sequence of physiological states maintained what what systems of the body?
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central nervous system (CNS) activity that is associated with changes in the peripheral nervous , endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems.
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electroencephalogram (EEG) measures what involving some structural physiological aspects of sleep?
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electrical activity in the cerebral cortex
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electomyogram (EMG) measures what involving some structural physiological aspects of sleep?
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muscle tone
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electrooculogram (EOG) measures what involving some structural physiological aspects of sleep?
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eye movement
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Ascending reticular activating system (RAS)
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located in the upper brain stem is believed to contain special cells that maintain alertness and wakefulness. The RAS recieves visual, auditory, pain and tactile sensory stimuli.
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Activity from the __ __ (e.g., emotions or thought processes) also stimulates the RAS.
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cerebral cortex
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Wakefulness results from neurons in the RAS that release catecholamines such as what?
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norephinephrine
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Bulbar synchronizing region (BSR)
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Sleep may be produced by the release of serotonin from specialized cells in the raphe sleep system of the pons and medulla. Whether a person remains awake or falls asleep depends on a balance of impulses from higher centers (thoughts), peripheral sensory receptors (sound or light stimuli), and the limbic system
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During NREM a sleeper progresses through four stages during a typical __-minute sleep cycle
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90
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Lighter sleep is characteristic of stages?
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1 and 2, and a person is more easily arousable.
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Stages 3 and 4 involve what?
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a deeper sleep, called slow-wave sleep, from which a person is more difficult to arouse.
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Rapid eye movement sleep is what?
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the phase at the end of each sleep cycle.
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The cyclical pattern usually progresses how?
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from stage 1 throught stage 4 of NREM, followed by a reversal from stage 4 to 3 to 2, ending with a period of REM sleep.
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A person usually reaches REM sleep about ___ minutes into the sleep cycle.
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90
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With each successive cycle, what stages shorten and what stage lengthens?
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stages 3 and 4 shorten, and the period of REM lengthens.
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Newborns and children spend more time in what stage where as with aging sleep becomes what?
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deep sleep, becomes more fragmented and more time is spent in lighter stages
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NREM sleep contributes to what?
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body tissue retoration
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During NREM sleep, biological functions ___.
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slow
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During deep slow-wave (NREM stage 4) sleep, the body does what?
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releases human growth hormone for the repair and renewal of epithelial and specialized cells such as brain cells.
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Protein synthesis and cell division for renewal of tissues include what?
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the skin, bone marrow, gastric mucosa, or brain; occur during rest and sleep
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Another theory about the purpose of sleep is what?
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that the body conserves energy during sleep. The skeletal muscles relax progressively , and the absence of muscular contraction preserves chemical energy for cellular processes.
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REM sleep is needed for what?
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brain tissue restoration and appears to be important for cognitive restoration.
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REM sleep is associated with what changes?
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in cerebral blood flow, increased cortical activity, increased oxygen consumption, and epinephrine release.
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A loss of REM sleep can lead to what?
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feelings of confusion and suspicion. Various body functions (mood, motor performance, memory, and equilibrium) can be altered when prolonged sleep loss occurs
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Although dreams occur during both NREM and REM sleep, the dreams of REM are what?
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more vivid and elaborate and are believed to be functionally important to learning, memory processing, and adaptation to stress.
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Hypertension often does what for sleep?
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causes early morning awakening and fatigue
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Hypothyroidism causes what to sleep? Hyperthyoidism?
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Hypo-decreaes stage 4 sleep; Hyper-causes persons to take more time to fall asleep
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nocturia
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urination during the night
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Restless leg syndrome (RLS)
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recurrent, rhythmical movement of the feet and legs. An itching sensation is felt deep in the muscles. Relief comes only from moving the legs, which prevents relaxation and subsequent sleep.
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Secondary RLS has been found to be associated with what?
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lower level of iron, pregnancy, and uremia.
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hypersomnolence
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an excessive amount of time at night, take long naps during the day, and generally feel drowsy and distracted when awake.
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