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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The skeletal system is composed of what various tissues?
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i. Bone
ii. Cartilage iii. Epithelium iv. Fat v. Neurons |
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What is the framework of bones and cartilage?
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Skeletal Muscle
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What are the functions of skeletal muscle?
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i. Support- internal skeleton
ii. Protection iii. Movement- in conjunction with muscle iv. Mineral storage- calcium and phosphorus v. Blood cell production- red and white blood cells vi. Fat storage |
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What is the introduction to bone tissue?
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i. A kind of connective tissue
ii. Crystals of inorganic calcium salts make it more rigid than other connective tissues iii. Network of collagen fibers provides flexibility and strength |
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What are the two types of bone tissue?
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i. Compact or dense bone tissue
ii. Spongy or cancellous bone tissue |
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What does the compact or dense bone tissue contain?
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i. Contain few spaces
ii. Forms a layer over spongy bone iii. Provides protection, support, and strength iv. Has a concentric ring structure |
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What does the spongy or cancellous bone tissue contain?
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i. Contains many large spaces
ii. Makes up most of the bone tissue of: 1. Skull bones and vertebrae 2. Epiphyses or tips of long bones iii. Latitice works of thin bone plates are call trabeculae iv. In some bones the spaces are filled with red marrow which produces blood cells v. Spongy bone provides the greatest strength with the least weight |
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What are the parts of the typical long bone?
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i. Diaphysis
ii. Epiphyses iii. Metaphysis iv. Medullary v. Endosteum vi. Articular cartilage vii. Periosteum |
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What is the Diaphsis?
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Shaft of the bone
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What is the Epiphyses?
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Tips of the bone.
~two types: proximal and distal |
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What is the Metaphsis?
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Line or a plate between epiphyses and diaphysis
ii. Contains the epiphyses plate where bone growth occurs 1. Length and diameter |
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What is the Medullary or marrow cavity?
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i. Space within the diaphysis
ii. Contains fatty yellow marrow in adults |
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What is the Endosteum?
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Layer of osteoblasts living the marrow cavity and scattered osteoclasts
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What is articular cartilage?
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Thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint with another bone
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What is periosteum?
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i. Fibrous covering around the bone [where it is not covered by articular cartilage]
ii. Consists of : 1. Connective tissues containing blood vessels 2. Lymphatic vessels 3. Nerves 4. Cells that can become osteoblasts |
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What are the parts of the microscopic anatomy?
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i. Osteon or Haversian System
ii. Central or Haversian Canal iii. Perforating or Volmann's Canal iv. Osteocytes (bone cells) v. Circumferential Lamellae |
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What is the Osteon or Haversian System?
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a. Structural unit of bone [building block]
b. Elongated cylinder parallel to bone’s long axis c. Function as weight bearing pillars i. Oriented in the direction of contraction d. Osteon is a hollow tube of bone i. Like rings on a tree ii. Each ring is called a lamella e. Collagen fibers in adjacent lamella run in opposite directions |
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What is the central or Haversian canal?
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a. Canal that runs through the center of the osteon
b. Contains small blood vessels c. Nerve fibers |
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What are the Perforating or Volmann's canals?
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a. Lie at right angles to the central canal
b. Connect nerves and blood vessels in central canals with the rest of the body |
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What are Osteocytes?
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a. Mature bone cells
b. Founds in lacunae at the junctions of the lamellae c. Canaliculi [a little canal] connect lacunae |
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What are circumferential lamellae?
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a. Located on the outside or surface of the shaft
b. Surround the osteons inside the bone c. Like bark on a tree |
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What are the parts of bone formation and growth?
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i. Ossification- bone formation
ii. Bones are continuously remodeled iii. Bone regulation hormones iv. Remodeling and mechanical factors |
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What is Ossification?
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i. Embryo starts out with a “skeleton” cartilage and fibrous membranes shaped like bones
ii. Ossification begins week 6-7 after conception and continues throughout life and adulthood iii. Embryonic connective tissue cells multiply and enlarge and form cartilage and bone iv. Once a framework is made, calcification occurs 1. Calcium is deposited making the bone hard v. In long bones: 1. Shaft ossifies first 2. Epiphyses ossify secondary 3. Epiphyseal plate between the shaft and ends remains cartilage 4. Permits growth of the bone shaft 5. When lengthening stops the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line 6. Bones also increase in diameter during growth |
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How are bones continuously remodeled?
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i. Bone tissue is re absorbed and replaced
1. Allows the bones and blood to exchange calcium ii. Controlled by remodeling units 1. Osteoblasts- makes bone 2. Osteoclasts- degrades bone iii. Diet must contain enough of : 1. Calcium 2. Phosphorus 3. Vitamin D |
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What are bone regulation hormones?
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i. Growth hormones
1. Pituitary gland in the brain 2. Regulates general body growth ii. Calcitonin 1. Thyroid gland in the throat 2. Promotes calcium deposition into bones iii. Parathyroid hormone 1. Parathyroid glands in the throat 2. Promotes removal of calcium from the bones iv. Hormonal control of remodeling 1. When blood concentration of CA2+ is too high a. Rising blood levels of stimulate calcitonin release b. Cacitonin stimulates the osteoblasts to deposit CA2+ into bones c. CA2+ concentration of blood returns to the homeostatic level 2. When blood concentration of CA2+ is too low a. Falling CA2+ levels stimulate parathyroid hormone release b. Hormone stimulates osteoclasts to degrade the bone c. CA2+ released into the blood d. CA2+ levels in blood increase to the homeostatic levels |
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What are the remodeling and mechanical factors?
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i. Functions to strengthen parts of the skeleton that are under stress
ii. How this occurs is still unknown iii. Aging shifts the balance between organic matter and calcium in bones iv. More inorganic salts and less organic matter v. Causes less flexible and more brittle bones |