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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscle makes up nearly .... the mass of the body.
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half
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Muscle contraction generates...
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heat.
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Muscles help to stabilize...
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joints.
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At times, skeletal muscle contracts continuously to maintain...
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posture.
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The muscles in the walls of visceral organs produces movement by ... fluids and other substances through these hollow organs.
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squeezing
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Muscle ... forcefully.
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contracts
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Muscles generate ... force as they contract.
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pulling
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Nerve signals ... muscle cells.
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excite
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Muscle tissue can be stretched by the ... of an opposing muscle.
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contraction
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There are ... types of muscle tissue.
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3
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Muscle tissue that attaches to and move bones is called...
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skeletal muscle tissue.
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Muscle that only occurs in the wall of the heart is called...
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cardiac muscle tissue.
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Contraction of cardiac tissue is...
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involuntary.
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Muscle tissue found in hollow internal organs is called ...
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smooth muscle tissue.
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Each type of muscle can be characterized by ... main features.
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2
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Light and dark stripes in the muscle cells are called...
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striations.
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Muscle control is either ... or...
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voluntary or involuntary
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Striated muscle tissue has stripes extending ... across the muscle cell.
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transversely
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The cells of skeletal and smooth muscle tissue are called...
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fibers
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The cells of of skeletal and smooth muscle tissue are ...in shape.
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elongated
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Specific types of microfilaments responsible for the shortening of muscle cells are called...
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myofilaments.
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myo=
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muscle
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In all three types of muscle tissue, muscle contraction depends on...
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myofilaments.
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Myofilaments shorten...
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muscle cells
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One type of myofilament contains ..., another type of myofilament contains...
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actin/myosin
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The plasma membrane of muscle cells is called...
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sacrolemma
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The cytoplasm of muscle cells is called...
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sarcoplasm
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Each muscle is an organ made of several types of...
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tissue.
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Several sheets of ... hold the fibers of skeletal muscles together.
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connective tissues
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epi
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over, above, outer
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The dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the whole skeletal muscle.
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Epimysium
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Meaning, "outside the muscle"
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Epimysium
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Sometimes epimysium blends with the deep ... that lies between neighboring muscles.
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fascia
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A group of muscle fibers resembling a bundle of sticks.
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fasicle
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Surrounding each fasicle is a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the...
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perimysium.
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Within a fasicle, each muscle fiber is surrounded by the...
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endomysium.
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Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium are all continuous with ...
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tendons.
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In general each skeletal muscle is supplied by one ... and one ...
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nerve and artery
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Each skeletal muscle extends from one bone to...
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another.
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The ... of the muscle is on the less moveable bone.
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origin
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The muscle attachment on the moveable bone is called the ...
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insertion.
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When muscle contracts the ... is pulled towards its ...
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insertion/origin
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Many muscles span two or more...
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joints.
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Muscles that span two or more joints are called ...
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biarticular
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"two joint" muscles.
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biarticular
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Raised ... are present where tendons meet bone.
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bone markings
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Cord like tendons or sheets are called...
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aponeurosis.
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Muscle fibers contain many...
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nuclei.
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Striations in skeletal muscle result from long, rod shaped organelles called...
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myofibrils.
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Unbranched cylinder making up 80% of the sarcoplasm are called...
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myofibrils.
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The ... is a filament with the muscle fiber.
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myofibril
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Myofilaments are contractile proteins in the...
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myofibril
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Myofibrils in muscle fibers are separated from one another by components of the...
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sarcoplasm.
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A myofibril is along row of repeating strands called...
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sarcomeres.
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word meaning "muscle segments."
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sarcomere
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The sarcomere is the basic unit of ... in skeletal muscle.
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contraction
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Boundaries at each end of a sarcomere are called...
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Z lines/discs
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Extending towards the center of the sarcomere from the Z disc are thin ... filaments.
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actin
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In the center of the sarcomere, overlapping the ... filaments are thick ... filaments.
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actin/myosin
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Myosin filaments contain ...ase enzymes.
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ATP(ase)
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Thick myofilaments are made up of...
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myosin.
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Thick myosin filaments are studded with... heads.
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myosin
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The ... structure explains the pattern of striations in skeletal muscle fibers.
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sarcomere
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The dark banding created by the thick filaments in the sarcomere are called the...
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A band.
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The central part of the A band is called the...
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H zone.
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Thin myofilaments are made up of...
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actin.
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Thin actin filaments don't extend into the ... of the A band.
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H zone
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The ... is the center of the H zone.
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M line
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On either side of the A band are ...
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I bands.
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I bands contain only ... filaments.
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thin
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It is the .... that creates the light portions of striations.
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I band
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Each I band is part of two adjacent ...
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sarcomeres.
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An I band has a ... running through the center of it.
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Z band
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Each skeletal muscle fiber contains ... sets of tubules.
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2
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Surrounding each myofibril like a loose sleeve is the ... reticulum.
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sarcoplasmic
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The sacroplasmic reticulum is a series of interconnecting ...
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tubules.
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Most SR tubules run ... along the myofibril.
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longitudinally
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Forming a perpendicular cross channel between the A band and I band are... cisternae.
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terminal
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The SR stores large quantities of...
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calcium ions.
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Calcium ions are released when muscles are stimulated to...
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contract.
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Contraction impulses in the sarcolemma are further conducted by ...
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T tubules.
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T tubules are ... of the sarcolemma.
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continuations
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T Tubules conduct nerve impulses to the ... regions of the muscle fibers.
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deepest
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T tubules are flanked by two...
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terminal cisternae.
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The meeting of the T tubule and two terminal cisternae at the A I junction is called a...
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triad.
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There are ... type of muscle contraction for producing movement.
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2
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When muscle shortens and does work, ... contraction is occurring.
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concentric
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When muscle generates force as it lengthens, ... contraction is occurring.
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eccentric
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... contraction is essential for controlled movement and resistance to gravity.
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Eccentric
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Whenever muscles are acting like a brake they are undergoing ... contraction.
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eccentric
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Concentric contraction is explained by the ... ... mechanism.
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sliding filament
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When myosin heads pull thin filaments at the ends of sarcomeres, ... happens.
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contraction
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Thick and thin filaments ... past each other.
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slide
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Myosin heads pivot at a "hinge," let go and return to their original position; bind to a .. filament, and pull again.
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thin
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The sliding filament mechanism is initiated by the release of...
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calcium ions.
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During contraction, the action of thick filaments pulls the ... together.
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Z discs
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When Z discs are pulled together the ... shortens.
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sarcomere
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As Z discs are pulled together they cause the ... bands to shorten.
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I (bands)
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When I bands shorten during contraction, the ... disappear.
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H zones
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A bands never ... ... during contraction and elongation.
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change length
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Optimal operation length for muscles is ... of normal resting to ... of that length
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80% / 120%
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The spring like molecule in sarcomeres that resists over stretching is called...
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titin.
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Titin molecules extend from the ... to the thick filament.
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Z disc
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Titin holds the ... in place in the sarcomere.
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thick filaments
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Titin maintains the organization of the ...
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A band.
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Titin ... when muscle is stretched.
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unfolds
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Titin becomes ... the more it uncoils.
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stiffer
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The nerve cells that innervate muscle fibers are called...
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motor neurons.
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Receptive regions of neurons are called...
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dendrites.
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The long, singular cell process that initiates and transmits nerve impulses is called a...
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axon.
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Each muscle fiber in skeletal muscle tissue is served by a ...
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nerve ending.
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Nerve ending and muscle fiber meet at a junction called a...
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neuromuscular junction.
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The nerve part of the neuromuscular junction is a cluster of enlargements at the end of a ... process.
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axonal
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The enlargements at the end of axonal processes are called...
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axon terminals.
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Each axon terminal lies in a trough like section at the end of a...
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sarcolemma.
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A motor neuron, along with the fibers in innervates is called a...
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motor unit.
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When a neuron fires, all the muscle fiber in the ... come together.
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motor unit
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The average number of muscle fibers in a motor unit is...
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150
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Bulky, imprecise muscles have more muscle fibers per ...
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motor unit.
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The muscle fibers of a single motor unit are not...
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clustered together.
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The I band consists of ... myofilaments only.
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thin
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The A band consists of ... myofilaments only.
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thick and thin
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The H zone is made up of ... myofilaments only.
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thick
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The M line is made of ... connecting thin myofilaments.
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proteins
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The Z line is made of ... myofilaments.
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thin
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A single skeletal muscle cell is a multinucleated syncytium formed by the fusion of...
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myoblasts.
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Skeletal muscle cells are striated because their sarcoplasm is packed with striated myofibrils held in register by...
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desmin.
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Myobibrils are striated because they are cylindrical arrays of
thick and thin myofilaments held in register by... |
actinin.
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Which muscle cell molecule contains an actin-binding and an ATP-binding site ?
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myosin head
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The muscle cell molecule that changes shape when it binds with
calcium ions is called... |
troponin.
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Troponin is attached to the protein ...
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tropomyosin.
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Troponin and lies within the groove between ... filaments in muscle tissue.
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actin
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The molecule that covers myosin binding sites of actin in resting muscle ?
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tropomyosin
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After a myosin head has swiveled and moved its attached G- actin molecule, the actin-myosin bridge is broken and the myosin head returns to its original position when
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???
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During contraction, forces exerted on the muscle's connective tissue follows this order: endomysium to -
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perimysium
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During contraction, forces exerted on the muscle's connective tissue follows this order: perymysium to -
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epimysium
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During contraction, forces exerted on the muscle's connective tissue follows this order: epimysium to -
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tendon
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During contraction, forces exerted on the muscle's connective tissue follows this order: tendon to -
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periosteum and sharpey's fibers
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During contraction, forces exerted on the muscle's connective tissue follows this order: periosteum and Sharpey’s fibers to -
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bone
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Skeletal muscle cells are controlled by ... motor neurons.
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somatic
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The contact area between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called a...
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motor end plate/neuromuscular junction
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All skeletal muscle cells are histologically and physiologically
identical. T or F? |
false
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There are ... types of muscle fibers.
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2
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Muscle fibers can differ in how they produce...
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ATP
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Muscle fibers can differ in how quickly they...
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contract.
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Muscle fibers that produce ATP aerobically are called ... fibers.
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oxidative
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Aerobically =
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using oxygen
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Muscle fibers that produce ATP anaerobically via glycolysis are called... fibers.
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gycolytic
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The speed of contraction determines how a muscle fiber breaks down...
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ATP
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Muscle fibers are broken down into ... general classes.
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3
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Slow oxidative fibers are ... in color.
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red
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Slow oxidative fibers are red because of their abundant content of ....
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myoglobin.
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Myoglobin is found in the...
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sarcoplasm
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Slow Oxidative Fibers obtain energy from ... metabolic reactions.
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Aerobic
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Slow Oxidative Fibers have a large number of ... in their sarcoplasm.
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mitochondria
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Slow Oxidative Fibers a rich supply of...
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capillaries.
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Slow Oxidative Fibers contract....
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slowly.
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Slow Oxidative Fibers are resistant to ...
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fatigue.
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Slow Oxidative Fibers do not generate much...
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power.
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Type 1 skeletal muscle cells are also called...
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slow oxidative fibers
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Fast glycolytic fibers contain little...
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myoglobin
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Fast glycolytic fibers contain ...
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myofilaments.
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Type 2 skeletal muscle cells are also called...
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Fast glycolytic fibers
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All muscle tissues develop embryonic mesoderm cells called..
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myoblasts.
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Myoblasts fuse to form skeletal muscle...
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fibers
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The loss of muscle is called...
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sarcopenia.
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Single, long cylindrical, multinucleate cells are found in ... muscle.
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skeletal
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Branching chains of cells that are either uni- or binucleate, with obvious striation are found in ... muscle.
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cardiac
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Single, fusiform, uni-nucliate cells without striation are found in ... muscle.
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smooth
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Skeletal muscle has an elaborate ... reticulum.
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sarcoplasmic
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Skeletal cells (have/don't have) gap junctions.
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don't
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Cardiac cells do not exhibit individual ... junctions.
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neuromuscular
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The complex junctions that form cardiac cells are called... discs.
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intercalated
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Smooth muscle cells are non...
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striated.
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