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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SWOT is an acronym for:
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strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
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Deming
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The leader in the quality movement who recommended that organizations "eliminate numerical quotes for the work force and numerical goals for management"
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Feigenbaum
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The quality leader responsible for the term Total Quality Management (TQM).
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Taguchi
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The quality leader most associated with the concept of robustness:
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Baldrige Award
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The support for an important quality initiative was lacking in Congress until Reagan's Secretary of Commerce was killed in a horseback-riding accident in 1987. That initiative was:
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Juran, Ishikawa, Deming, Ohno, Taguchi
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Quality leaders who did extensive work with Japanese industry:
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Downstream, upstream
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In a series of linked processes and associated feedback loops, the product or service flows ____ and the information flows______.
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man, material, methods, machines
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Causes in a cause and effect diagram often include management, measurement systems, Mother Nature, and the four standard causes:
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Project Champions are chosen from managerial leadership and will ensure that organizational systems are in place to support the Six Sigma initiative(s). Project Champions should be strong, vocal advocates of the Six Sigma program. Because of their managerial role in the organization, they provide critical exposure of the program to their functional reports and endorsement of the program as a management initiative. Champions are change agents and managerial leaders. Whenever there is a change effort, there will be resistance. Resistance is energy. As leaders, project Champions must convert negative energy into positive energy.
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The word "champion" in the context of Six Sigma projects refers to:
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waste elimination, using customer pull to drive production, and 5S
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Which are considered elements of lean?
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Six Sigma
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Statistically based set of tools:
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John is employed by Black, Inc.
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George is an employee of Black, Inc. John is George's internal customer. Which statement is true?
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obtaining accurate cycle times for the process as it currently runs
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A team has been asked to reduce the cycle time for a process. The team decides to collect baseline data. it will do this by:
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grouping customers by one or more criteria
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Customer segmentation refers to:
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critical to "various requirements"
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CTx refers to:
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study the effect this will have on other activities because the project may still be on a schedule
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A project activity not on the critical path has required 20% longer than the time orginally allocated. The project team should.
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norminal group technique, multivoting
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After a team has engaged in diversion activities they may need to employ a tool for conversion. Examples of such a tool are:
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kaizen
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A team studies a coil steel banding process and makes five changes resulting in productivity improvements of 2%, 2.8%, 2.4%, 2%, and 3% respectively. These improvements are best described by which approach to problem solving?
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5S
1. Sort 2. Straighten 3. Shine 4. Standardize 5. Sustain |
The operators of a manufacturing cell work out a more orderly arangement for tool storage and establish a schedule to maintain cleanliness on a daily basis. Thes improvements are best described by which approach to problem solving?
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poka-yoke
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A quality engineer employed by a hospital is asked to improve the process of medication storage in locked cabinets near patient doors. One defect that occurs rarely is that the medication caddy is left out when the cabinet is re-locked. The engineer installs a gravity activated arm that will not permit the door to close when the caddy isn't inside. This improvement is best described by which approach to problem solving?
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tree diagram
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A team is investigating ways to reduce power outages. They determine that an outage can occur in only three ways: grid failure, local transformer failure, or local overload. They then investigate each of these three events for possible causes, etc. They draw a diagram that "fans out" using the power outage as the handle of the fan. These improvements are best described by which approach to problem solving?
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affinity diagram
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A team's goal is to imporve information flow in a payroll function. They make 33 sticky notes, each listing an issue for further investigation. After some discussion, they group them into four categories: mandated record keeping, privacy concerns, insurance concerns, and transfer concerns. This grouping process is best described by which approach to problem solving?
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interrelationship diagraph
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The team draws arrows from sticky notes that are causes to notes that are the effects of these causes. This step is best described by which approach to problem solving?
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process decision program chart
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A team working with a plant relocation is tasked with designing a process for moving 180 pieces of equipment. Incoming orders may need to be filled during the move at either the old site or the new one. Transportation equipment availability is uncertain. Construction schedules at the new site are very weather dependent. The team designs a chart that attempts to cover these and other contingencies with appropriate measures dealing with each. The tool best fitted for this task is:
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matrix diagram
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A management team lists nine goals across the top of a rectangle and 15 activity initiatives along the left hand side of the rectangle. If one of the activities strongly supports one of the goals, a circle is placed in the box, and if the support is weak, a triangle is used. This best describes which problem solving tool?
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prioritization matrix
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The management team in the above question assigns each goal a numerical value designating its importance. The bull's eyes circles, and triangles are replaced by the values 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Entries are made in each box by multiplying the 3, 2, or 1 by the goal value. The importance of each activity is calculated by adding the entries in its row.
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straying from the intended path, trying to solve unrelated problems, having difficulty in collecting baseline data, suffering morale problems
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A project that lacks a clear definition of its scope and boundaries runs the risk of:
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reduced cycle time, reduced scrap rate, reduced set-up time
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The primary metric for a project is reduced cost for process A. A consequential metric could be:
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current maintenance costs
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The primary metric for a project is reduced cost for process A. Baseline data might include:
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mean
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The term "expected value" is closest to the term:
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sampling error
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A random sample is selected from a population of measurements. The mean of the sample is not equal to the mean of the population. This is due to:
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statistic, parameter
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A ___ from a sample is used to estimate a population _____. The two words that best fill these blanks are:
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they assume a stable distribution
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Deming called the technique of studying a sample to gain understanding of the distribution of a population an "enumerative study." His main objection to these studies was:
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events A and B are not mutually exclusive
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If the probability that event A occurs is 0.51, the probability that event B occurs is 0.64, and the probability that both A and B occur is 0.23, then:
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the probability that both A and B occur is .3264
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If the probability that event A occurs is .51, the probability that event B occurs is 0.64, and events A and B are statistically independent, then:
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approximately normal
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A population is bimodal. One hundred samples of size 30 are randomly collected and the 100 sample means are calculated. The distribution of these sample means is:
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communication link between gage and computer, compatability of software in the gage and in the computer, adequate manual overrides
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An automatic gaging system is to be installed in a process. The gage will insert data values into a database from which machine adjustments will be made automatically. A critical factor in specifying the equipment is:
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often has outliers
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The median is a better choice than the mean for a measure of central tendency if the data:
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Pareto chart
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A team wants a technique for determining and displaying priorities based on frequency of various defect types. They should use:
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written and diagrammed work instructions
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A team wants a technique for improving consistency of assembly operators. They should use:
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flow charts and process maps
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A team wants a technique for doing an initial study of a process that not every team member is familiar with. They should use:
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relationship matrix
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A team wants a technique for displaying the connection between various customer needs and various features on a product. They should use:
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cause and effect diagrams
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A team wants a technique for obtaining a large number of possible reasons for excess variation in a dimension. They should use:
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the sample size is sufficiently large
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The central limit theorem states that the distribution of sample means approximates a mormal distribution if:
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rate of customer demand
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TakT time is:
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In gage R&R studies, repeatability refers to:
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The variation in measurements obtained when one measurement device is used several times by the same person
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no
3.1^2 ÷ 50 = 0.192 2.8 ÷ 40 = 0.196 (0.192 + 0.196) ÷ (0.00075 + 0.00099) = 223 (18.2 - 17.6) ÷ (0.192 + 0.196)^0.5 = 0.96 do not reject the null hypothesis |
Use α = 0.05
A sample of size 50 from machine A has a mean of 18.2 and standard deviation 3.1. A sample of size 40 from machine B has mean 17.6 and standard deviation 2.8. Do these data indicate that the population for machine A has a larger mean? Assume the populations are normal. |
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yes
mean is 3.7 critical value = -1.833 (reject region is the area to the left of -1.833) test statistic t = (3.6 - 3.7) ÷ 0.06/√10 = -5.3 reject the null hypothesis |
Use α = 0.05
The average weight of castings produced at the Nebraska foundry is 3.7 lbs. A new supplier from Kansas has submitted a batch of castings known to have normally distributed weights. A random sample of 10 has an average weight of 3.6 lbs and standard deviation 0.06 lbs. Do these data indicate that the Kansas foundry produces lighter castings on average? |
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no
α = 0.05 critical values = -1.645 (reject region is to the left of -1.645) test statistic z = (0.029 - 0.0320) ÷ (0.032 x 0.968 ÷ 110)^0.5 ≈ -0.57 do not reject the null hypothesis |
Use α = 0.05
A machine tool vendor wants to sell an injection molding machine. The current machine produces 3.2% defectives. A sample of 1100 from the vendor's machine has 2.9% defective. Do these numbers indicate that the proposed machine has a lower rate of defectives? |
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α = 0.05 α/2 = 0.025
critical values = ± 2.365 (reject region consists of the area to the left of -2.365 and the area to the right of 2.365) Find the mean and standard deviation mean=0.4875 and standard deviation=0.5963 t = 0.4875 x √8 ÷ 0.5963 = 2.312 Do not reject the null hypothesis |
An engineer wants to try two hardening ovens to see whether they have different hardness scores. She cuts eight pieces of bar stock in half, putting half of each in oven A and the other half in oven B. The following data are collected:
Piece # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oven A 20.3 19.7 21.4 22 21.6 21 20.8 20.8 Oven B 19.7 20 20.1 21.2 21.4 20.7 21 19.6 Do the data indicate that the ovens have different average scores? Assume differences are normally distributed. |
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No; use the two population proportions hypothesis test
23 ÷ 1000 = 0.023 36 ÷ 1300 = 0.0277 α = 0.05 critical value is -1.65 calculate the test statistic (23+36) ÷ (1000 + 1300) = 0.02565 (0.023-0.0277)÷ √(0.2565) (0.9744) (0.001 + 0.000769) = -0.71 Do not reject the null hypothesis |
When comparing two vendors' machines it is found that a sample of 1000 parts from machine A has 23 defectives and a sample of 1300 parts from machine B has 36 defectives. Do the data indicate that machine B has a higher rate of defectives?
Piece # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oven A 20.3 19.7 21.4 22 21.6 21 20.8 20.8 Oven B 19.7 20 20.1 21.2 21.4 20.7 21 19.6 |
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No; use the goodness of fit test
the distribution from Texas is the same as Toronto α = 0.05 critical value = 5.991 calculate the test statistic using the following table x^2 = 3.17 Probability Toronto Observed Texas Expected Texas O-E (O-E)^2÷ E Type A 0.23 73 69 4 0.23 Type B 0.42 111 126 -15 1.79 Type C 0.35 116 105 11 1.15 300 300 3.17 Do not reject the null hypothesis |
The Toronto plant produces appliances in the following distribution:
Type A 23% Type B 42% Type C 35% A random sample of 300 appliances from the Texas plant has the following distribution: Type A 73 Type B 111 Type C 116 Is the distribution of appliances at the Texas plant the same as that at the Toronto plant? |
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Within sample or treatment variance
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The average of the all the variances for each population and is an estimate of
whether the null hypothesis, H0 is true or not. |
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Sample to sample within the hour
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Closely set in zig zag motion when plotted
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hour to hour
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groups are on the same line in segments but the groups stagger when plotted.
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44-(12^2 ÷ 4) =8
= - 16 ÷ 8 = -2 best equation: y = 8.75 - 2x |
Find the equation of the regression line for these sample data points: (1,7) (3,3) (3,2) (5,-1)
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r = Sxy ÷ √ Sxx Syy = -0.988; r^2 = 0.977
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Find the sample linear correlation coefficient and the sample coefficient of determination for the data: (1,7) (3,3) (3,2) (5,-1)
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252
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For a line in an FMEA form a team has established the following: Cost: $82, Severity: 7, Occurrence: 9, Detection: 4, Target date: 7 days
What should the risk priority number (RPN) be for this line? |
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cannot be determined
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If item A is more likely to be detected than item B, which will have the highest Severity value?
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cannot be determined
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If item A is more likely to be detected than item B, which will have the highest Occurrence value?
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Item B
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If item A is more likely to be detected than item B, which will have have the highest Detection value?
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determine the difference between where we are and where we want to be
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Gap analysis studies allow us to:
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2, 4, 16
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A pharmaceutical manufacturer is designing an experiment to test four different capsule ingredients designed to reduce dissolution time. Each ingredient will be tested at 10 milligrams and 40 milligrams. A full factorial design is used with five repeats per run. The number of levels, factors, and runs is, respectively:
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robustness
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The variance of the five repeats for each run is calculated. Most of these variances are approximately equal, but two are significantly lower than others. The experimenters would be especially interested in those two runs if they wanted to optimize:
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the five repeats for each run
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To estimate the within-treatment variance, the experimenters would calculate the variances of:
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effects are confounded
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The principal disadvantage of fractional factorial experiments is that:
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effects are confounded
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In a resolution III fractional factorial experiments is that:
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two factor and higher interactions
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In a resolution III fractional factorial experimental design, main effects are confounded with:
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0.04/0.016 = 2.5 from a normal table, 0.62% violates the lower specification
0.02/0.016 = 1.25 from a normal table, 10.56% violates the upper specification Therefore, the total percentage of production that violates the specification is 11.18% |
A stable, normally distributed process with specification 3.50 ± 0.03 has μ = 3.51 and σ = 0.016. What percent of the production violates specification?
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(86 + 80) ÷ 2) - (129 + 133) ÷ 2) = -48
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Calculate the main effect of factor A (i, e., A + -A).
Run # A B Responses 1 subtraction subtraction 129 2 subtraction addition 133 3 addition subtraction 86 4 addition addition 80 |
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A
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Intuitively, which factor A or B seems most likely to be significant?
Run # A B Responses 1 subtraction subtraction 129 2 subtraction addition 133 3 addition subtraction 86 4 addition addition 80 |
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values of responses in replicate runs
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The preferred method for determining statistically whether factor A or B is significant requires what additional information?
Run # A B Responses 1 subtraction subtraction 129 2 subtraction addition 133 3 addition subtraction 86 4 addition addition 80 |
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-5
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Calculate the interaction effect A x B (i,e., A x B + - A x B)
Run # A B Responses 1 subtraction subtraction 129 2 subtraction addition 133 3 addition subtraction 86 4 addition addition 80 |
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full factorial
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The experimental design is an example of:
Run # A B Responses 1 subtraction subtraction 129 2 subtraction addition 133 3 addition subtraction 86 4 addition addition 80 |
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probably
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Is it safe to assume that the interaction effects are negligible?
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confounding between main effects and one way interaction effects will not occur
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A higher resolution number for an experimental design indicates that:
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1.48
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Find the value of 1 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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2.82
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Find the value of 2 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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4.54
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Find the value of 3 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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0.10 < P < 1
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Find the value of 4 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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18.6
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Find the value of 5 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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35.4
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Find the value of 6 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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4.54
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Find the value of 7 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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0<P<0.005
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Find the value of 8 in the ANOVA table.
Source SS df MS F ratio F crit P value x 1.48 1 1 2 3 4 Y 18.6 1 5 6 7 8 xxY 12.2 1 9 10 11 12 Error 2.1 4 13 |
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Kanban
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When Tricia empties a box of capacitors she places it at a designated spot on her work table. Sam notices the empty box and brings a full box of capacitors from the stock room. This is an example of:
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standard work
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A meeting is called for all three shifts to determine the settings to be used on machine #45. This is an example of:
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poka yoke
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There have been some instances in which 1.5 inch sheet metal screws are used where 1.25 inch should have been used. This produces a critical defect. The decision is made to have all 1.25 inch screws have a square reduced head and all 1.5 inch screws be Phillips. This is an example of:
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Control limits: 12.62 ± 0.373 x 0.18; LCL = 12.55; UCL = 12.69
= 12.55 and 12.69 |
A set of data from a process has eight readings per sample and 50 samples. The mean of the 50 sample means is 12.62. The mean of the 50 ranges is 0.18. Find the control limits for X chart.
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LCL = 0.136 x 0.18 = 0.002; UCL = 1.864 x 0.18 = 0.34
=0.002 and 0.34 |
A set of data from a process has eight readings per sample and 50 samples. The mean of the 50 sample means is 12.62. The mean of the 50 ranges is 0.18.
Find control limits for the R chart. |
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smaller
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A customer requires that SPC charts be done on their forms, which have spaces for only five readings per sample. In preparation for calculating the new control limits the following question is asked: "Will the new average range be larger or smaller than the current average range? The answer is:
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c
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A process shows the following number of defects. Each sample size for this process is 85. 3, 8, 2, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 9, 5
What control chart should be used? |
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6.3 ± 3 √6.3 (1- 6.3/85) ; LCL = 0; UCL 13.6
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A process shows the following number of defects. Each sample size for this process is 85. 3, 8, 2, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 9, 5
Find the control limits. |
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The area beyond 3σ is 0.00135, so there will be this much area beyond each control limit. Therefore, the area beyond both control limits is 0.0027.
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An X - R chart has four part measurements per sample. The control limits on the averages chart are 2.996 and 3.256. Assume the process data form a normal distribution. What is the probability that the next plotted point falls outside the control limits?
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0.1362
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An X - R chart has four part measurements per sample. The control limits on the averages chart are 2.996 and 3.256. Assume the process data form a normal distribution. What is the probability that the next plotted points falls within 1σ of the center line?
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visual factory
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An assembly line has 3' x 3' squares painted behind each person. Signs indicate the parts and quantities that should be placed there. This is an example of:
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to function the same in different conditions
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Robust design refers to the ability of the product or service:
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The overall tolerance is √20^2 + 20^2 + 20^2 = √1200 = 34.6. Thus, 10, 10, 14 fits.
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The overall tolerance for three components in series in an electrical circuit is ± 10 Ω. Assuming normal, stable, capable processes produce the components, use stack tolerance techniques to find a set of techniques to find a set of tolerances for the three components, use stack tolerance techniques to find a set of techniques to find a set of tolerances for the three components.
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λ = 1/600 = 0.0017; R (800) = e ^(0.0017) (800) = 0.26
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The formula for reliability during constant failure rate conditions is: Find the reliability of a product at 800 hours if the MTBF = 600 hours.
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0.98 x 0.98 x 0.98 = 0.94
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At a particular time, three components are in series and each has a realiability of 0.98. What is the reliability of the system?
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additional coats cost money but give a better finish
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One of the approaches used by TRIZ is referred to as removing the contradition. A project team is asked to determine how many coats of paint should be applied to a panel. In this case the contradiction is:
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