Shs Chemistry 1St Semester Test Review

Front 1

2 features that distinguish matter are

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physical and chemical properties

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the state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume is

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gas

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the state of matter in which a material has a definite volume but no definite shape is

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liquid

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Can physical means be used to separate either elements, compounds, mixtures, or pure substances?

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mixtures

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a horizontal row of blocks in the periodic table is called the

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period

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a vertical column of blocks in the periodic table is called a

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group

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the elements that border the zigzag line in the periodic table are called

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metalloids

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elements in a group in the periodic table can be expected to have similar

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chemical properties

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a testable statement used for making predictions and carrying out further experiments is a

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hypothesis

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the SI standard units for length and mass are

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length = meter
mass = gram

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the symbol mm represents

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millimeter

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the symbols for metric units of length in order from smallest (nanometer to kilometer) to largest are

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nm, mm, cm, dm, m, dam, hm, km

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the quantity of matter per unit volume is called

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density

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the SI base unit for time is the

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second

Front 15

how long is .05 cm in meters and in millimeters

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.0005 meters
.5 mm

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1.06 L of water is equivalent to how many mL?

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1060 mL

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Accuracy

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the closeness of a measurement to the actual value

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to 2 sig figures, the measurement of 1.000 should be reported as

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1.0

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in division and multiplication the answer must not have more sig figures than the

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measure with fewest # of sig figures

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the # of sig figures in the measurement 170.040 km is

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6

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the # of sig figures in 210 is

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2

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according to the law of conservation of mass, when sodium, hydroden, and oxygen react to form a compound the mass of the compound is _____ the sum of the masses of the individual elements

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equal to

Front 23

the principles of atomic theory recognized today were concieved by

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John Dalton

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experiments with cathode rays led to the discovery of the

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electron

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who discovered the nucleus by bombarding gold foil with positively charged particles and noting that some particles were widely deflected

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Ernest Rutherford

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Rutherford's experiments led to the discovery of the

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nucleus

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a nuclear particle that has about the same mass as a proton, but with no electrical charge, is called a

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neutron

Front 28

which part of an atom has a mass approximately equal to 1/2000 of the mass of a common hydrogen atom?

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electron

Front 29

most of the volume of an atom is occupied by the

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electron cloud

Front 30

atoms of the same element that have different masses are called

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isotope (more neutrons than protons)

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as the mass number of the isotopes of an element increases, the number of protons

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stays the same

Front 32

the average atomic mass of an element is the average of the atomic masses of its

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naturally occuring isotopes

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an atom of potassium had 19 protons and 20 neutrons. whats the mass number?

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39

Front 34

the mass of 1 mol of chromium (atomic mass 51.996) is

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51.996 g

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if electromagnetic radiation A has a lower frequency than electromagnetic radiation B, then compared to B the wavelength of A is

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longer

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the distance between 2 successive peaks on a wave is its

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wavelength

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a quantum of electromagnetic energy is called a

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photon (minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom)

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the emission of electrons from metals that have absorbed photons is called the

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photoelectric effect

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the electron in a hydrogen arom has its lowest total energy when the electron is in its

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ground state

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a 3 dimensional region around a nucleus where an electron may be found is called an

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orbital

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the possibly values of an electrons spin quantum # are

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1/2 and -1/2

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a spherical electron cloud surrounding an atomic nucleus would best represent

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s orbital

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the set of orbitals that are dumbell shapes and directed along the x,y, and z axes are called

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p orbitals

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Mendeleev noticed that properties of elements usually repeated at regular intervals when the elements were arranged in order of increasing

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atomic mass

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the person whose work led to a periodic table based on increasing atomic number was

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Henry Moseley

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because the first energy level contains only the 1s sublevel, the # of elements in this period is

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2

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calcium, atomic number 20, has the e- configuration [Ar]4s^2. what period is it in

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4

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titanium has configuratoin of [Ar] 3d^2 4s^2. what group is it in

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4

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the most reactive group of the nonmetals are the

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halogens

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atomic size is determined by measuring the

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distance between the nuclei of 2 identical atoms that are chemically bonded then divide the distance by 2

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a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compund to attract electrons is called

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electronegativity

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the element that has the greatest electronegativity is

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fluorine

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ionization energy is the energy required to remove _____ from an atom of an element

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one electron

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the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared when atoms form molecules are called

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valence electrons

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the number of valence electrons in group 17 elements is

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7

Front 56

a chemical bond resulting form the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions is called

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ionic bond

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the chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons is called

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covalent bond

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Element

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substance that contains only one kind of atom, cannot be broken down into new material. ex.gold

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Compound

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substance made up of two or more kinds of atoms. ex. salt, water

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Noble Gas

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non-reactive elements with 8 valence electrons

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Melting Point

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A temperature where a substance changes state from a solid to a liquid.

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Solute

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Is the substance being mixed into a solvent in a solution

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solvent

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s the substance in which a solute is being mixed in a solution.

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Homogeneous mixture

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a mixture where the particles mix in completely and are not visible.

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flame test

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test where metal is burned and gives off a unique color to ID the metal

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Physical property

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property that can be observed without changing the substances present in the sample
Melting point, boiling point, color

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Physical change

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change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity. No new compounds are formed. melting ice, boiling water

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Chemical property

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the tendency to react and form new substances

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State of Matter

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one of the three physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, or gas

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Solid

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one of the three states of matter; has a fixed shape that does not conform to the container shape

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Scientific Method

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a process of creative thinking aimed at objective, verifiable discoveries of the causes of natural events

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Experiment

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a clear set of procedural steps that tests a hypothesis

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Atom

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the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical nature of the element. a neutral, spherical enity composed of positively charged central nucleus surrounded y one or more negatively charged electrons

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Nucleus

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the tiny central region of the atom that contains all the postive charge and essentially all the mass

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Proton

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a subatomic particle found in the nucleus that has a unit postive charge

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Neutron

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an uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton

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Electron

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a subatomic particle that possesses a unit negative charge and occupied the space around the atomic nucleus

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Atomic Number

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he unique number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element (equal to the number of electrons in the neutral atom) An integer that expresses the positive charge or a nucleus in multiples of the electronic charge

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Metal

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a substance or mixture that is relatively shiny and malleable and is a good conductor of head and electricity. in reactions, tend to transfer electrons to nonmetals and form ionic compounds

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Nonmetal

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an element that lacks metallic properties.