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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In 1811 or 1822, a series of earthquakes hit _____ Missouri.
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New Madrid
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The earthquakes in New Madrid were so strong that they 1)____ and 2)_________.
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1)rang bells in Boston, and 2) caused the Mississippi River to run backwards
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Earthquakes are caused by ______.
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shifts in the earth's surface
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Volcanoes are formed when ___.
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shifts in the earth's surface allow molten rock to escape
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The thinnest part of the Earth's layers is the ______.
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crust
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The crust that forms the continents is approximately ___ km or _____ miles thick.
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45 km or 25 miles thick
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The crust beneath the ocean is _______ km or _____ miles thick.
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5-8 km or 2-4 miles thick
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The crust and upper area of the mantle is known as the ____.
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lithosphere
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The lithosphere is made up of large pieces called _____.
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plates
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Plates in the lithosphere float on the _____ rock in the earth's mantle.
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melted
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The idea that the earth's crust is made up of moving plates is called the ___ __ ___ _______.
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theory of plate tectonics
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Places where the earth's plates meet are called ___ ______.
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plate boundaries
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All of the earth's plates were once one piece called _____.
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Pangaea
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The circle of volcanoes that are located in a ring along the continents in the Pacific Ocean are called ___ __ _____.
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Ring of Fire
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When two surface plates push and scrape against each other, a stored energy is released, resulting in an _________.
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earthquake
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The released energy of an earthquake causes ________ in the earth's surface.
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vibrations
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________ are breaks in the earth's surface along which rocks can move.
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Faults
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Name the three kinds of faults:
1 2 3 |
1)thrust or reverse fault
2)normal fault 3)strike-slip fault |
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A _____ fault is when two plates collide, forcing a section of rock to move upward.
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reverse
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A _____ faults is when a section of rock falls between to separating plates.
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normal
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_______ faults usually occur at plate boundaries.
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normal
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The ____ _____ _____ is an example of a separating plate boundary (normal fault).
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Great Rift Valley
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When molten rock pushes two plates apart in the ocean, new land is formed. This is called ___ ____ _________.
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sea-floor spreading
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Is sea-floor spreading an example of evolution, or God's special way of creating our ocean floor.
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God's way of creating our ocean floor.
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A ________ fault occurs when rocks move horizontally against each other.
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strike-slip fault
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One of the most famous strike-slip faults is the ___ ___ _____ located in California.
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San Andreas Fault
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What are some other ways usually small earthquakes are formed?
1 2 |
1)when large amounts of earth are moved around (during construction)
2)when molted rock in a volcano moves |
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The beginning point of an earthquake is called the _____.
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focus
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Vibrations caused by earthquakes are called ___ ______.
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seismic waves
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The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called the _____.
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epicenter
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___ _____ are seismic waves that occur beneath the surface of the earth.
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body waves
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Name two types of body waves.
1) 2) |
1)P waves (primary) - move fast through solid and liquid
2)S waves (secondary) - move slowly and cannot move through liquid |
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______ waves travel in a straight path in a push/pull motion.
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P waves
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______ waves move in an up/down zigzag pattern.
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S waves
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Can P waves be felt on the opposite side of the earth from the point of the focus?
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yes
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When the P and S waves make their way to the surface of the earth, they form _____ waves.
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L waves
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Name two kinds of L waves:
1 2 |
1) Love waves - fast moving and zigzag
2) Rayleigh waves - move in a rolling motion like ocean waves |
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A ______ is an instrument used to detect, time and measure the movements of the earth.
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seismograph
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The seismograph produces _____, which are records of the movements of the earth.
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seismograms
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Name two scales scientist use to measure the strength of earthquakes: 1 2
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1) Mercalli - measures destruction
2) Richter - measures the strength of the waves |
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What type of buildings tend to be more stable?
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Buildings with a steel frame instead of steel rods is more stable.
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A giant wave created by an earthquake is called a ___.
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tsunami
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Name two events that can occur as a result of earthquakes: 1 2
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1)tsunami
2)volcanoes |
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Molten rock is called ____
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Magma
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______ are scientists who study volcanoes.
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Volcanologist
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Pockets of molten rock are called ________ _______.
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magma chambers
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When magma reaches the earth's surface, it is called _____.
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lava
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An opening in a volcano that allows magma to flow to the surface is callled a ___.
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vent
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The bowl shape at the top of a main volcano vent is called a ____.
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crater
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An eruption that flows through a side vent is called a ___ ____.
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flank eruption
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What determines the explosiveness of a volcano?
1 2 |
1)the mineral and
2) gas content of the magma |
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The crushed rock blown out of volcanoes is called ___ ____.
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volcanic ash
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A funnel-shaped mound of volcanic ash is called a ___.
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volcanic cone
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_____ of all volcanoes occur around the Ring of Fire.
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2/3
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Underwater volcanic eruptions are called __ ___.
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submarine eruptions
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__ ____ are places where a pool of intensely hot magma rises towards the surface of the earth.
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Hot spots
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Why are volcanoes occur more often on the oceanic plates than the continental plates?
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Because the oceanic plates are thinner than the continental plates.
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What islands were formed from hot spots on the plates?
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Hawaiian Islands
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Name the two types of cone volcanoes: 1 2
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1)cinder cone
2)composite cone |
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The ___ volcano is not cone shaped, but has a gradual sloping slides.
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shield volcanoes
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The ____ cone volcano resembles a hill more than a mountain.
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cinder cone volcano
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The _______ cone volcano is a large cone shaped volcano.
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composite cone volcano
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Name the three ways volcanoes are classified:
1 2 3 |
1)by shape,
2)by how often they erupt, & 3)by the type of eruption |
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What is the theory of hot spots?
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That volcanoes are formed from hot spots that rise to the surface of the earth.
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An ___ volcano has erupted at some point in the past and is expected to erupt again.
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active volcano
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An ___ volcano have not erupted in some time and are not expected to erupt in the future.
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dormant volcano
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An ___ volcano has not had a recorded eruption and will not erupt again.
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extinct volcano
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A volcano with a runny lava and not much cinder or ash is called a ___ ___.
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Hawaiian eruption
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A __ ____ is a flow of red-hot dust and gases.
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pyroclastic flow
pyro-clas-tic |
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A volcano with a violent eruption of lava, ash and cinder is called a __ ___.
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Vulcanian eruption
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Showers bits of ash and lava are called ____.
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cinder
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The most violent of volcanoes sends hot ash and debris into the atmosphere is the __ __
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Plinian eruption
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____ is a mixture of cinders, ash and rock.
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tephra
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_____ is volcanic fog.
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vog
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How can volcanic eruptions affect weather conditions?
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1)volcanoes cause vog which causes respiratory problems,
2)volcanoes cause acid rain |
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Volcanoes produce ____ rock.
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igneous rock
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Name three types of igneous rock: 1 2 3
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1)pumice
2)obsidian 3)granite |
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A __ ____ is formed when a body of water is located near an underground magma pool.
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hot springs
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A ___ is a hot spring that periodically blows steam and hot water into the air.
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geyser
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What is an igneous rock?
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A rock formed from the lava of a volcano
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What are 3 non-volcanic types of eruptions:
1 2 3` |
1) hot springs
2) geysers 3) mud springs |