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111 Cards in this Set
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sexual arousal |
erotic stimuli: factors in the environment that are sexually arousing to an individual, and have cultural and individual variation visual, sounds , smells , tactile sensation can all contribute to sexual arousal. |
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visual cues for sexual arousal ( NY times magazine ) |
male plethysmograph is an apparatus that fits over the penis and gauges its swelling Female plethysmograph is a little plastic probe that is placed in the vagina and by bouncing light off the vaginal wall, measures genital blood flow. |
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visual cues for sexual arousal |
straight male exhibit genital arousal while watching heterosexual or lesbian sex gay men exhibit genital arousal while watching gay sex and heterosexual sex stright and lesbian women exhibit genital arousal with heterosexual sex , lesbian sex and gay sex. |
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visual cues for sexual arousal |
while watching lesbian sex , heterosexual women reported less excitement on their keypad than was indicated by their vaginal arousal while wathcing gay sex , heterosexual women reported even less excitement on their keypad than was indicated by their vaginal arousal. while watching heterosexual sex , heterosewxual women reported much more excitement on their keypad than was indicated by their vaginal arousal |
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pheromones |
pheromones : when a member of a species releases a chemical that changes the physiology or behavior of another member of the same species Studies suggest that women housed together develop synchronized menstural cycle becasue of pheromones odors released from axilla. |
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pheromones and sexual arousal |
ovulating female rhesus monkeys exudes pheromones ( called copulins) that increase the sex drive of male rhesus monkey. female humans secrete some of the same copulin chemicals in their vaginal secretion near the time of ovulation evidence indicates that when women apply their vaginal secretion to their skin (eg., behind their ear) they are more sexually attractive to men. |
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pheromones and sexual arousal |
a study demonstrated the female body odor smell more plesant to males when released from women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle compare to the luteal phase |
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pheromones and sexual arousal |
certain musk-like odors are only smelled by adult human females near the time of ovulation , but not by adult males , male children or female children. Perhaps , musk-like odors are released by males to increase the female sex drive. |
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Perfumes and cologne |
There are perfumes that contain copulin and colognes that contain musk fragnance. |
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vomeronasal organs ( VNO ) |
in most mammals , pheromons are sensed by special sensory organs in the floor of the right and left internal nasal cavity, which are seperate from the olfactory cells on the roof of the nasal cavity that we use to smell non sexual odors. vomeronasal organs are present in humans , however many scientist consider them to be vestigal. Human adults VNO cells have nerve sensory cells and tracts leading to the hypothalamus and other areas of our brain involved in sex. |
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Vomereonasal organs ( VNO ) |
increased electrical activity in the human VNO when exposed to human skin extracts or axillary sweat. skin extracts containing androstenes ( androgens) cause the heterosexual female VNO to respond more than the heterosexual male VNO skin extracts containing estrenes ( estrogens) cause the heterosexual male VNO to respond more than the heterosexual female VNO. |
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varying sweat scents detected by women |
sweat glands respond to emotion and sexual arousal. men's sweat smells differently when they are sexually aroused. women can detect the difference between sweat of sexually aroused men versus sweat of men not sexually aroused by processing odors in different part of the brain. |
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male sweat scents detected by women |
20 heterosexual male volenteers held absorbent pads in their armpits while watching 20 mintues of erotic film and later the same heterosexual males held new absorbent pads in their armpits for 20 mintues while watching a neutral film 19 heterosexual women smelled the following randomly blinded pads 1) sweat pads of the 3 men who reported the greatest sexual arousal 2) one pad moistened with androstenedione , a hormone produced naturally in sweat , 3) one pad with neutral odor. while women sniffed , researcher monitored brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging. |
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male sweat scents detected by women |
verbal responses in 17 out of 19 women denied smelling any sweat or anything that smelled like a human. none of the 19 women verbally distinguished sexual versus neutral sweat. however their brain told a different story in these women the right orbitofrontal cortex and right fusiform region responded significantly more to the sexual sweat of men than to the other smells Brain recognizes sexual sweat , treating it with different odors. |
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MHCs ( major histocompatibility complex genes ) |
MHC genes encodes cell surface proteins that offer a display of proteins being made inside of the cells. This enables the immune system to detect foregin protein (eg virusus or toxins ) in a cell and destory them. |
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MHC detection |
women are attracted to scents of men who are most unlike themseleves in MHCs. Human mate pairs with similar MHCs tend to be less fertile with higher miscarrige rates. THe more dissimilar the MHCs of a human male/ female pair, the better their offspring immune systems will be at detecting foregin proteins eg viruses or toxins. |
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Sweaty T-shirts and human mate choice: |
sweaty T-shirt experiment by swiss scientist demonstrated that odors influence human mate choice Females not on oral contraceptives sniffing the T-shirts recently worn by male favored the scent of those whose immune response genes were different from their own. odor preferences of women on oral contraceptives were reversed as they favored the scent of men whose immune response genes were similar to their own. |
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Female use of oral contraceptives and MHC mate selection |
Female uses of oral contraceptives appears to interfere with female ability to select male mates based on MHC |
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Proceptive behavior |
Describes courtship , flirting seduction and foreplay. Variable from culture to culture. kissing on lips practiced in 90% of cultured studied kissing on lips is common form of sexual arousal in many cultures , however , other cultures do not have this tradition and some eg the thonga of africa, consider kissing the lips as repulsive. |
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Proceptive behavior : kissing |
As lips come together to kiss chemicals are leased that : reduce stress hormone ( cortisol) in males and females encourage men to bond with partner. |
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Proceptive behavior : kissing |
pairs of heterosexual college students kissed for 15 mintues while listening to music : resulting in: drop in cortisol in both men and women which indicates a reduction in stress increase in oxytocin in men which can facilitae bonding |
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Proceptive behavior : kissing |
men tend to think of kissing as prelude to copulation men tend to prefer 'sloppy' kisses , in which chemicals including testosterone can be passed to the women in saliva which may enhance the female's sex drive . |
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Proceptive behavior: kissing |
3 components of kissin g sex drive initiate assesment of a variety of potential partner romantic love cause her or him to focus on individual partners attachment enables them to form a long term bond which results in commitment to concieve and raise child together 90% of cultures studied practice kissing |
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proceptive behavior |
mild pain from gentle nibbing , biting , pinching and scratching can be an erotic stimulus. apinaye females in south american bite the partner's eyebrow. Trukese women of south pacific poke a finger in the ear of their partner. |
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erogenous zones : tactile stimuli |
males : glans , corona and ventral surface. females : clitoris ( glans , body and cura) bulb of vestibule, mons , labia minora , and lower 1/3 of vagina ( upper 2/3 of vagina wall is relatively insensitive to touch ) Erogenous zones of both sexes : nipples , lips , tongue , ear lobes , neck , anus , buttocks , inner thighs , back of knee , soles of feet and center of back . |
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female erectile tissue |
clitoris crus of clitoris bulbs of vestibule |
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Foreplay |
partners give erotic stimuli including 'petting' to each other in a relaxed environment caring , knowledgable and sensitive partners can assist a female in having an organsm. 1-10 minutes of foreplay leads to 40% of females having an organsm 11-20 mintues of foreplay leads to 50% of females having an organsm >20 mintues of foreplay leads to 60% of females having an organsm |
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The sexual response cycle |
Alfred kinsey : pioneer in the scientific study of human sexuality william masters and virginia johnson : pioneers in the understanding of the physiology of the human sexual physiology. |
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The sexual response cycle |
excitement plateau organsm resolution |
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female sexual response cycle : excitement |
initiated by prescence of erotic stimuli first change is vaginal lubrication which happens in 10-30 seconds and comes from fluid leaking out of blood vessels present in the vaginal wall. |
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Female sexual response cycle : excitement |
inner 2/3rds of vaginal barrel increase in length and width to increase vaginal cavity. body of the uterus ascends ( tents up), pulling the cervix away from the vagina and thus increasing vaginal length mild , non painful uterine contraction or fibrillation may occur size of uterus increase due to vasocongestion labia swell due to vasocongestion |
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Female sexual response cycle : excitement |
vaginal walls become engorged with blood and darker in color. shaft of clitoris increase in diameter and there may be slight tumescence ( swelling ) of the clitoral glands due to vasocongestion clitoris moves into retracted position in late excitement phase labia minora becomes engoged with blood and is increased in size labia majora flattends out and retracts from the midline, which exposes the vestibule. |
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body of clitoris |
paired cylinders ( corpus carvernosa ) in body of clitoris engorge with blood during sexual excitement homologous to corpus carvernosa in male penis. |
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crura of clitoris |
This pair of crura form an inverted V-shaped structure. Internal poriton of clitoris and is connected to the body of clitoris The corpus cavernosa of the clitoral body extend posteriorly into each of the two cura and attaches to the pubic arch This tissue is erectile and engorges with blood during sexual excitement |
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Bulb of vestibule |
These two bulbs extend along either side of the vaginal orifice Consist of aggregation of eretile tissue which with blood during sexual arousal as the vestibular bulb fill with blood , they casue the vulva to expand outward and tightly cuff the vaginal opening which may help grip the penis These bulbs are homologous with corpus spngiosum in the male penis shaft and bulb |
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Female sexual response cycle : excitement |
Nipples become erect , areola becomes wide and darker and size of the breast increase by about 25% due to fluid accumulation. Sex flush occurs in around 74% of somen resulting in areas of the skin becoming red from dilation of blood vessels increase in muscle tension ( voluntary and involuntary muscle ) |
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Female sexual response cycle : pleateau phase |
wall of outer 1/3 of vagina becomes greatly engorged with blood labia minora becomes more engored with blood and becomes redder and darker orgasmic platform : the above changes in the outer 1/3rd of the vagina and labia minora Uterine fibrillation may increase in frequency and uterus may elevate furthur uterus elevates furthur and proximal vagina furthur expands and tents |
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Female sexual response cycle : pleateau cycle |
Nipples become more erect , areolar darken and breast reach maximal size sex flush of skin increase heart rate , blood presure and depth and rate of respiratory rate inc rease increase muscle tension |
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Female sexual response cycle : orgasmic phase |
if stimulated by coitus , the orgasm typically occur 10-20 mintues after intromission ( penertration of the penis into the vagina ) strong muscular contraction in the outer 1/3 of the vaginal wall. |
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Female sexual response cycle : orgasmic phase |
1st contraction of the outer 1/3th of the vaginal wall last 2-4 seconds and is followe by rhytmic contraction at intervals of 0.8 seconds, with 3-15 contractions with the later ones diminishing in stregth. During male ejaculation the bulbospongiosus muscle at the base of the penis contracts rhytumically at intervals of 0.8 seconds. the female and male rectal sphincters can exhibits rhythmic onctraction at 0.8 second interval during organsm |
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Female sexual response cycle : orgasmic phase |
the inner 2/3rd of the vagina expands , which facilitates the movment of the penis within. rhytumic contraction of the uterus occur , probably brought on by the release of oxytocin |
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Female sexual response cycle : organsmic phase |
sex flush ( if present) peaks in intensity heart rate , blood pressure , and depth and rate of respiratory rate all peak at similar rates similar to those of male organsm strong involuntary muscle contraction with clutcing and clawing motion of the hands or feet. labia minora and majora , clitoris and breast remain as in pleateau phase. |
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Female sexual response cycle : 3 stage of organsm |
1st stage : sensation of suspension lasting only an instant and follwed by intesne senxual awareness of the clitoris and pelvis 2nd stage : sensation of warmth starting in the pelvis and spreading to other parts of the body 3rd stage : pelvic throbbing focusing in the vagina and lower pelvis other experiences during female orgasm including moans , groans , screams , laughter and/ or crying. |
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Female sexual response cycle organsm phase |
pleasurable feeling in both males and females during orgasm is similar positron emission scans of brain of women and men show similar activity in brain associated with pleasure The female organsm spinal reflex in lower spine is similar to the male ejaculatory spinal reflex |
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Female sexual response cycle : resolution phase |
Immediately after organsm the outer cervical dilates to facilitate sperm transfer through the cervix into the uterus |
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Female sexual response cycle : resolution phase |
After organsm and erotic stimulation , the women's system returns to normal less than 10 seconds after the end of the organsm , vaginal contraction cease and the clitoris leaves its retracted position. Heart rate , blood pressure and respiratory rate return to normal levels. |
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Female sexual response cycle : resolution phase |
In 2 mintues the labia minora returns to normal color in 5-10 mintues breast , clitoris , vagina, labia minora decrease in size in 5-10 mintues uterus returns to normal size and position in one hour the labia majora return to resting condition covering the vestibule desire to rest or sleep |
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Female sexual response cycle : variation |
Pattern A : women goes through complete cycle including multiple organsm. Pattern B : women reaches a pleatea and then goes into resolution without reaching organsm Pattern C : stimuli produce an early intense organsm which skips the pleateau phase. |
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Female sexual response cycle : organsmic phase |
clitoral induced organsim : stimulation of clitoris Vaginal induced organsm : result of direct stimulation of the vaginal wall , especially a small region on the front wall of the vagina refered to as the Grafenberg spot ( g-spot) by many scientist |
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Female organsm |
Clitoral stimulation is consider to be the most common trigger for female organsm vaginal stimulation can also trigger a female orgsm Breast stimulation and other non-gential stimulation can also induce organsm in some women clitoral, vaginal and breast induced orgasm all produce the same physiological type of organsm All these different types of stimuli result in contraction of the organsmic platform and the muscle around the vagina |
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Female ejaculation in orgasmic phase |
Female ejaculation : 40% of women expel a small amount of fluid from lesser vestibular gland near the urethral opening during organsm. The lesser vestibular glands are homologgous to the male prostate gland. THe size of the female lesser vestibular glands and the amount of its secretion varies significantly from women to women. |
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Female ejaculation in orgamic phase |
Biochemical analyses indicate that the female lesser vestibular glands produce prostate specific antigen (PSA) just as the male prostate does lesser vestibular glands may be called the female prostate and are homologous to prostate glands in males. |
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views on the grafenberg spot |
according to some researchers , the G spot is an erotically sensitive area in the upper front wall of the vagina between the introitus and the cervix not all researchers or clinicans believe that the G -spot is real , however , it is consistently refereed to in human sexuality and human reproduction text. |
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views on the grafenberg spot |
A survey of 1289 women demonstrated that 66% reported having a sensitive area on the front wall of the vagina Hence some women report sensitivity to this area while others do not The senstive area refereed to as the G spot is estimated to vary in size to that of a small bean to the size of a half dollar. |
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Views on the grafenberg spot |
The measurement of the space within the anterior vaginal wall by ultrasongoraphy is a simple tool to explore anatomical varaibbility of the hukan clitrosis uretrhorvaginal complex , asl o known as the G spot. This measurement was correlated to ability to experience vaginally activated organsm. The urethrovaginal space and the distal , middle and proximal urethrovaginal segments were thinner in women withough vaginal organsm. |
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Grafenberg spot G spot |
no increased nerve density in the anterior wall of the vagina widely believed to be the G spot location in cadaver disection found no distinc structure in the G spot area. |
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G spot |
some scientist propose that the G spot is the female prostate |
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G spot |
A study reports that the clitoris tissue actually extend intto the body furthur thean previously though and may be what some women experience what they refer as vaginal organsm |
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Female sexual response cycle organsmic phase |
Since the vagina adapts to the size of the penis there is not a direct relationship between the size of the penis and the sexual satisfaction of the female. The lower 1/3rd of the vagina is rich in sensory fiber , while the upper 2/3rd of the vagina is relatively insensitive to touch. The lower 2/3rd of the vagina is derived from the urogenital sinus while the upper 1/3rd of the vagina is derived from mullerian syste, |
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Female sexual response cycle |
1 in 3 women rarely or never reach an organsm during coitus. 1 in 5 women report rarely or never reach an organsm during masterbation. Some women have multiple organsm. Status orgasmus in women is a sustained orgasm lasting up to one minute. |
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Orgasmic difficulty |
Orgasmic difficulty : failure to reach orgasm Primary orgasmic difficultry: women has never had an orgasm ; present in 10% of USA women Secondary orgasmic difficulty : fail to have orgasm in some situation and is present in 20% of USA women |
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Female orgasmic difficulty |
A systematic review of the literature on female sexual difficulty prevalence and predictor was conducted aand this found that rougly 20% of omen report difficulties with organsm |
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Female orgasmic difficulty |
The DSM-IV-TR defines female orgasmic disorder as the persistent and recurrent absence or delay in orgasm for women following normal sexual excitement However not all scientist and clinician feel that this should be referred to as a disorder. |
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Female orgasmic difficulty |
Women who report not having orgasm typically are biologically able to have an organsm |
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Foreplay |
partners giving erotic stimuli including 'petting' to each other in a relaxed environment. caring , knowledge and sensitive parterns can assist a female in having an orgasm. 1-10 mintues of foreplay leads to 40% of females having an organsm 11-20 mintues of foreplay leads to 50% of females having an orgasm >20 mintues of foreplay leads to 60% of females having an organsm |
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Female orgasmic difficulty |
lifelong orgasmic difficulty : a women who has never experienced an orgasm ; may be called anorgasmia Aqquired orgasmic difficulty : a women who has had orgasms at some time in her life but is not able to have orgasms at this time. Situational orgasmic difficulty : a women has orgasm in some situation but not others a women may not have orgams during vaginal intercourse but is able to have orgasm while self masturbating or while recieving hand or oral stumulation from her partner. |
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inis beag is small island off the coast of ireland which has a culture that is considered to be very seuxally repressed |
pre-martial sex is essentially unknown. martial sex has limited foreplay and partners are known to have sex in their underpants. on this island female orgasm is considered to not ecist or if present to be culturally deviant. |
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Mangaia is an island in the south pacific where pre - martial sex is common and encourage and sex is viewed as both for pleasure and procreation |
cultural male experts teach teen-age boys how to preform oral sex , kiss brest and induce orgasm in female partners. Female teens are encouraged by their parents to have - premartial se. On this island , essentially all women report having orgasm. |
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causes of female orgasmic difficulty |
biological causes of female orgasmic difficulties include extreme fatigue , severe illness , or spinal cord injurty. However female orgasmic difficulty is most often caused by psychlogical , cultural , social , interpersonal factors: these women may benefit from therapy. |
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Treatment of orgasmic difficulty and low sex drive in women |
estrogen pills or topical cream or gels. DHEA androgen to enhance libido. Device that creates gentle suction over the clitrois , increasing blood flow and sensation. |
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vaginismus |
painful, spasmodic , involuntary contraction of the outer one third of the vaginal wall or its surrounding muscle. may cause severe pain during coitus and even prevent intromission. may be cause by fear of coitus or pregnancy frustration with your sexual partner or from vaginal scar tissue. psychological causes can be treated with therapy and biofeedback. vaginal scar tissue can be surgically repaired. |
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Dyspareunea: difficult or painful coitus in female |
Causes in females : sexual fears or inhibitions vaginismus irritation or injury of clitrois failure of vagina to lubricate displaced or prolaspe uterus reproductive tract infection Bratholin ( greater vestibular) gland inflammation |
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Sexual difficulty |
individual consistently fails to achieve organsm, majority have psychological causes. only 10-20 percent of sexual difficulties has a physical or physiological cause. 40% of women have some kind of sexual difficulty at some time in their reproductive life. 33% of men have some kind of sexual difficulty at some time in early and mid adult life. |
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Male sexual response cycle |
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Male sexual response cycle : excitement phase |
erotic stimuli initiate nerve impulse that activate an erection center in the lower end of the spinal ord that initiates an erection reflex. parasympathetic nerves in the erection center dominate and cause dilation of arterioles which results in vasocongestion of the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum which leads to penile tumescence. Paraysympathetic nerves also realease neurotramitter vasoactive peptide which contributes to penile erection. sympathetic nervous system innervatin of male genitalia is not active during sexual excitement |
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male sexual response cycle excitement phase |
1st thing that happens is the erection causes the penis to harden become tumescent and increase in length and diameter erection is due to vasocongestion with the flow of blood into the penis from arterioles greater than the drainage of blood from veins |
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Male sexual response cycle : excitement phase |
urethral opening widens scrotal skin becomes thickened testes become elevated because of contraction of cremaster muscle in scrotum nipples become erect in 60% of men sex flush with reddened skin from dilated blood vessels in 50-60% of men increase heart rate , blood pressure and respiratoru rate and depth. increase in tension of volunatray and involuntary muscle |
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male sexual response cycle ; pleateau phase |
erection continues increased in size of glands and corona glands color deepends urethral bulb ( enlarged end of urethra in males ) enlarges to 3 times its normal size pre orgasmic emission of few drops of seminal plasma can be released from the bulbourethral gland ; this fluid may be mixed with sperm from the ejaculatory duct to form semen ( seminal fluid) |
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male sexual response : pleateau phase |
testes volume increased by 50% testes become elevated and lie closer to groin prostate gland enlarges sex flush if present expand furthur increase in heart rate , blood pressure and respiratory rate increased tension of voluntary and involuntary muscle |
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male sexual response cycle : organsmic phase |
loss of voluntary control of muscles may have clutching motions of the hands and feet testes are at maximal elevation sex flush if present peaks at ejaculation the heart rate peaks at 180 beats/min, blood pressure to 200/10, respiratory rate is 40/ min |
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male sexual response cycle : organsmic phase |
ejaculatory reflex : sufficient erotic stimulation casues activation of the ejaculatory center which is a spinal reflex in the lower spinal cord when the ejaculatory center is activated sympathetic nervous system stimulation to the bulbospongiosus muscle at the base of the penis cause this muscle to contract rhymically at intervals of 0.8 seconds during ejaculation |
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male sexual response cycle : organsmic phase |
emission phase of ejaculation contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the testes , epididymis , vas deferens , ejaculatory duct , seminal vesicles , prostate gland , bluourethral glands and the urethra. smooth muscle contraction eject semen into the urethral bulb which is the enlarged end of the spongy urethra simultaenously a muscular sphintcer contracts which blocks the opening of the urethra into the urinary bladder thus preventing urine from entering urethra and semen from entering bladder. |
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Male sexual response cycle : orgasmic phase |
emmision stage of ejaculation male feels sensation of imminent ejaculation the smooth muscle contraction maybe influenced by the hormone oxytocin and by prostaglandin in the seminal fluid |
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Male sexual response cycle : orgasmic phase |
expulsion stage of ejaculation rhytumic expulsion contraction of the penis and bulbspongiosus muscle which lies at the base of the penis are 0.8 seconds apart expulsion contraction are around 0.8 seconds apart which is the same interval as vaginal contraction and rectal contraction in both sexes The first 3 or 4 of these contraction are intense and result in forceful expulsion of the majority of the semen from the urethra THe contraction that follow are less intesne and release only a small amount of semen |
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Male sexual response cycle : refractory period |
Immediately after ejaculation the male ( unlike female) enters a refractory period which may last a few min in a young man or over an hour in an lder man During this period potenailly erotic stimuli are not effective in casuing or maintaing an erection |
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Male sexual response cycle resolution phase |
During and after the refractory period the male goes through the resolution phase, in which the arousal mechanism return to a resting state sympathetic nervous system dominates the erection center casuing contstruction of arterioles supplying penile spongy tissue which cause penis to become flaccid penis , testes , scrotum , nipples , heart rate and respiratory rate return to non aroused state many expereince desire to rest or sleep entire resolution phase can last 2 hours. |
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sexual difficulty |
individual consistency fails to achieve sexual gradification majority have psychological casues only 10-20% of sexual difficulty has a physical or physiological cause 40$% of women have some kind of sexual difficulty 33% of men have some kind of sexual difficulty |
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Dysparenunia : difficult or painful coitus in males |
Glans hypersensitivity: from spermicide allergic response urethritis phimosis : constriction of the penile prepuce that prevents retraction of foreskin over glans of uncircumcised men accumulation of smegma under foreskin of uncircumscised penis chordee : bowed or bent penis peyronie's disease : previous infection on the shaft of the pnis that result in scar tissue on the penis shaft that results in bowing of penis |
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ejaculation problems in men |
premature ejaculation in men ejaculatory incompetence : man is unable to ejaculate stituational ejaculatory incompetence : for example a man is unable to ejaculate into a vagina but can easily ejaculate through oral or hand stimulation |
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erectile dysfunction |
erectile dysfunction : failure to gain or maintain an erection primary erectile dysfunction : man has never had an erection secondary erectile dystfunction : man has had an erection before but now fails to have an eretion more than 25% of the time situational erectile dysfunction : man can aheive erection in some environments but not others. |
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erectile dystfunction |
psychological cuase of ED is indicated when nighttime or morning erection are noticed when one wakes up erection requires dominance y parasympathetic system psychological conditions such as anxiety or fear activate the sympathethic system which inhibits erection in extreme anxiety of fear , the very strong activation of the sympathetic system can result in ejaculation without an erection |
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erectile dysfunction |
prolactin levels may be low in men with erectile dystfunction while men with erectile dysfunction typically have normal testosterone, administeration of exogenous androgen can increase their sex drive and their erection capacity |
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erectile dysfunction |
a common organic cause of erectile dysfunction is type 2 diabetes mellitus which results in vascular damage to small blood vessles in and around the penis |
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Treatment of erectile dysfunction : penile implant |
penile implants : silicone tubes implanted into the penis and the erection is aheieved by manipulating a pump in the scrotum |
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Drug treatment of erectile dysfunction |
viagra - last for 4 hours levitra and cialis - last for 36 hours act by inhibiting cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 an enyme that promotes degradation of cGMP which regulates blood flow to penis slow the break down of cGmp and the resultant increase in cyclic GMP dilates the penile arteries and lead to erection should not be taken with nitroglycerin because a dangerously low blood pressure may develop man must be interested in sex psychologially for these drugs to induce an erection when men on one of these drugs has an erection organsm and ejaculation the normal refractory period ensues before the next erection |
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pausinystalia johnimbe in rubiaceae |
common name yohimbine plant part used : bark extract taken orally as aphordiasiac and treat erectile dystunction in west africa by many different ethnolinguistic group active molecule : yohimbine mechanism of action stimulates libido region in brain competitive blockade of adrenergic alpha receptor which results in dilation of penis blood vessels Therapuetic use : taken orally as an aphordiasiac and to tx impotence |
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adrenergic alpha 1 receptor |
increase ateriole constriction decrease gland secretion decrease intestinal motility |
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Hormones and sexual behaviors |
CNS effects of hormones : act directly in the brain to increase sex drive and libido Region of the brain that influences sexual behavior is the limbic system, which includes the thalmaus , amygdala , hippocampus, part of hypothalamus and part of cerebral cortex. Peripheral effects of hormones : can affect the sensitivivity or growth of peripheral tissues involved with sexual acitivty eg skin or muscle |
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Testosterone in Rhesus monkeys |
In Rhesus monkeys , dominant males have relatively high testosterone levles , which decrease when they become subordinate |
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Hormones and male sexual behavior |
In mammals , androgen has a central effect on the brain to enhance sex drive and a peripheral effect of increasing sensitivity of the penis to tactile stimulation. In mammals , testosterone is acutally converted to estradiol by cells in part of the limbic system and it is actually is estrogen that directly increase male sex drive. These processes are likely also true in humans . |
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Hormones and male sexual behavior |
Orchidectmized men have a decrease in sex drive. When androgen is administered to these men , their sex drive increases and their ability to have and maintain a penile erection is enhanced. |
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Hormones and male sexual behavior |
Testosterone levels are higher in the monring Testosterone levels are higher in the fall in normal men , the higher the testosterone levles in the blood , the less time it takes to acheive maximal penile erection. Anticipation of performance of sex can increase the blood levles of testosterone. Erotic arousal in men stimulates LH secretion which increases testosterone levles. |
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Hormones and male sexual behavior |
Fathers who take an active role in caring for their children as new borns and infants have a reduction in their testosteron level during this time Father who spent several hours a day caring for children had the lowest testosterone in a study of 600 men in the phillipins |
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Hormones and male sexual behavior |
Tedency for blood levels of testosterone to gradually decrease in men especially after with 40 years of age sexually active 70 year old men have higher testosterone levles than sexually non active men of the same age. |
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DES effects on male |
DES is a synthetic , non steriodal estrogen pharmaceutical that was given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriages. Some studies sugges that otherwise XY male children expose to DES before birth may be more likely to choose to become transexual female than otherwise XY male children who had not been expose |
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Hormones and female sexual behavior |
Human females have adrenal glands that secrete weak androgen and ovaries that secrete testosterone with peak levels of both of these around ovulation. Female sex drive is increased by weak androgen secreted by adrenal glands and testosterone secreted by ovaries Adrenal androgen secretion in women is greatest from puberty through the late twenties and declines between ages 30-5- and then reamins at lower levels in later years. |
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Hormones and female sexual behaivor |
Progesterone at high enough levles tends to lower female libido. |
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Hormones and female sexual behavior |
In many female animal species estrogen ( sometimes with progesterone ) increases the sex drive. However in human females the relationship of estrogen to sex drive is more complicated. |
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Hormones and female sexual behavior |
Ovariectomy in human females has little or no influence on libido, even though the breast, vagina and uterus tissues can shrink and become less secretory estrogen cream may be applied to the vaginal wall to make the tissues more secretory and lubricated to enhance the mechanics of intercourse. |
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Hormones of female sexual behavior |
However , if a human femaleadrenal glands are removed along with her ovaries , there is a dramatic reduction in libido. If exogenous androgen is given to the women her sex drive is restored. |
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Oxytocin and vasopressin |
Both oxytocin and vasopressin are released from the neurohypophysis during the sexual reponse in both females and males. |
