Sex Psych #1

Front 1

dyadic

Back 1

a couples based approach to sex researc

Front 2

social comparative motive

Back 2

we are all very interested in assessing whether we are doing what most people like us are doing
- we are denied sexual comparisons because sex is so private

Front 3

__ % of canadian abortions are repats

Back 3

38

Front 4

2 factors quadruple the liklihood of abortion

Back 4

1) partner is abusive
2) history of sexual asault

Front 5

bacterial STI's are ____
viral STI's are _____

Back 5

treatable, not curable

Front 6

sexuality and gender accepted model:

Back 6

- women pick and choose because they have limited eggs
- men have so much sperm so they are promiscuous

Front 7

?/? of 18-24 year old women say they have been forced to have sex

Back 7

1/4

Front 8

blach

Back 8

invented term "sexology"

Front 9

freud on sex (2)

Back 9

"normal sex is crazy sex" "each of us spend our lives on a volcano of lust but try to keep it in check through the superego"

Front 10

Hirschfel

Back 10

created the first sex research place (uni of Berlin)
- was a homo, women, and abortions rights activist

Front 11

Why is Kinsey's work criticized?

Back 11

because of the sexual social comparison

Front 12

what did Masters and Johnson (MJ) write?

Back 12

"Human sexual response" and "human sexual inadequacy"

Front 13

why did doctors introcdice contraception?

Back 13

to bring back patients from midwives to doctors

Front 14

Sanger

Back 14

started planned parenthood

Front 15

What case legalized contraception?

Back 15

Conneticuit versus Griswald

Front 16

what case legalized abortion?

Back 16

Rae vs. Wade (1973)

Front 17

Cabury

Back 17

read about someone being fired for selling a condom to an unmarried person. so she opened a b/c clinic aross from a police sttion

Front 18

1969 contraception

Back 18

was legalized by trudeau but not abortion

Front 19

Morgentaler

Back 19

performed abortons illegally and no jury would convict him, these trials led to the abolishment of abortion laws in 1988

Front 20

obscenity

Back 20

undue explotiation of sex

Front 21

which theme of erotic images did both males and females like best?

Back 21

casual sex

Front 22

Canadian contraceptive study found that ___% of people had unplanned pregnancies

Back 22

28

Front 23

Freud on displacement

Back 23

Adult Personality Development as
Displacement and Sublimation of
Infantile Sexuality

Front 24

kinsey wrote

Back 24

sexual behaviour in human male, and sexual behaviour in human female

Front 25

Beginning of AIDS

Back 25

crossover from primates and began to spreak in 1910

Front 26

when was HIV identified

Back 26

1983

Front 27

natural selection

Back 27

darwin/wallace. some ppl are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass their genes to offspring

Front 28

sexual selection

Back 28

darwin. selection that results from differences in traits affecting access to mates. 2 processes:
1) competition among members of one gender for mating access to the other
2) preferential choices made by one gender for certain members of the other

Front 29

sociobiology

Back 29

the application of evolutionary biology to understanding social behaviour

Front 30

evolutionary psychology

Back 30

the study of psychological mechanisms that have been shaped by natural selection

Front 31

criticisms of biological perspectives (4)

Back 31

- impossible to test some
- biological determinsm
- not all traits are adaptive (spandrell)
- focus on reproductive importance (how explain gay?)

Front 32

spandrell

Back 32

example: what is the purpose of male nipples or female orgasms?

Front 33

psychoanalytic theory

Back 33

freud.
personality= Id, ego superego

Front 34

id (6)

Back 34

- pleasure principle,
- wants to have fun
- unconscious
- contains libido
- basic, born at birth
- resevoir of psychic energy

Front 35

ego (3)

Back 35

realist principle.
-helps to troubleshoot the id
- straddles conscious and unconscious

Front 36

superego (5)

Back 36

- morals and values
- conscious
- idealism principle
- persuades ego to go for moral goals rather than just realistic ones
- develops last

Front 37

what are the 2 learning theories

Back 37

1) classical conditioning (pavlov)
2) operant conditioning (skinner)

Front 38

Classical conditioning

Back 38

pavlov. helps explain fetishes. Plaud and martini- piggy bank study
- conditioned stimulus will evoke a response over time
think pavlovs dog

Front 39

operant conditioning

Back 39

skinner. involves changing the frequency of a behviour by pairing behaviours with reinforcement/an o punishment.
- big bang clip
problem: punishment doesnt do a good job of shaping behaviour

Front 40

Gender scema theory

Back 40

(bem)set of attributes we associate with males and females. we distort our memory with gender scema expectations (example of children seeing pictures of wrong gendered activities). WE IGNORE WHAT DOESNT FIT OUR GENDER STEROTYPES

Front 41

theory of planned behaviour

Back 41

Ajzen and Fishbien. intention is the pychological precursor to behaviour. intentions are determine by:
1) attitudes (behavioural beliefs)
2) subjective norms (norm befis)
3) rejections of behaviour control (control beliefs)

Front 42

sexual scripts theory

Back 42

Gagnon and simon. people have expectations about asequence of events and how they should play out

Front 43

difference between nonscience and nonsense?

Back 43

nonsense cannot be tested

Front 44

3 reasons to do sex research

Back 44

1) create knowlegde and understanding
2) inluence sexual behaviour
3) inform public policy

Front 45

5 common themes in content analysis for sex stuff

Back 45

1) genital closups
2) erections
3) fetishes
4) masturbation
5) homo

Front 46

if people are aroused sexually and see pics of attractive people they believe they are _____ attractive

Back 46

more

Front 47

if you show people pics of an ugly person an then arouse them sexually, they now think the pic is ____ attractive

Back 47

even less

Front 48

problems with self-reports (4)

Back 48

1) purposeful distortion
2) memory
3) difficulties with estimates
4) interpreting questions

Front 49

gold standard

Back 49

a high degree of agreement in results when different methods are employed

Front 50

analogous organs

Back 50

do the same thing

Front 51

homologous organs

Back 51

come from the same embryotic tissue

Front 52

indirect labial traction

Back 52

occurs duuring intercourse and helps female acheive orgasm

Front 53

dyspareunia

Back 53

pain in vagina. can be provoked (only occurs when touched) or unprovoked (chronic pain)

Front 54

150 mil plus have experienced

Back 54

female genital cutting

Front 55

what percent of cervical cancer is due to HPV

Back 55

100

Front 56

strands ___ and ___ account for 70% of HPV

Back 56

16 and 18

Front 57

possible pap results: (3)

Back 57

1) normal
2) ASCUS (abnormal of uncertain significance)
3) CIN (dysplasia) - beginnings of precancerous changes

Front 58

hpv vaccines (2)

Back 58

1) Gardasil (prevents four kinds- 16 and 18, and the 2 common genital warts strands)
2) Cerverix

Front 59

1960 and pap tests

Back 59

they became routine

Front 60

__ % of women get paps on the regular

Back 60

80

Front 61

BRCA 1/2 (breast cancer gene's one and two testing (4)

Back 61

1) Askenegic jews (elevated risk)
2) family history
3) can be given tamoxifen
4) or an MRI

Front 62

gene culture co-evoltuon

Back 62

culture developed to/with idea of breasts as sexual attraction

Front 63

the male seminal vesicle is ___% seminal fluid

Back 63

70

Front 64

where is testosterone produced (where specifically IN gonads)

Back 64

in intersitial cells

Front 65

risks for testicular cancer (3)

Back 65

1) age group 15-49
2) delayed descnet
3) family history

Front 66

Benign Prostatic
Hypertrophy (BPH

Back 66

Ageing
– Difficulty emptying bladder
– Transurethral resection of
prostate
– Drugs to facilitate flow of
urine

Front 67

PSA and PCA3 testing

Back 67

prostate cancer tests. PSA is not specific so a biopsy is still needed. PCA3 is a prostate cancer anfrogen that is highly specific

Front 68

Brachytherapy

Back 68

solution to prostate cancer, and uses radioactive material through injections

Front 69

benefits of circumsicion (2)

Back 69

less UTI's
50-60% reduction in HIV in common areas

Front 70

sex hormones

Back 70

chemical substances made in gonads (testes/ovaries), an adrenal glands and are secreted directly to the bloodstream:
testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

Front 71

sex hormones function within:

Back 71

hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal "axis"

Front 72

hypothalamus

Back 72

brain structures signaling hormones to be created

Front 73

most fertilization happens in ____, not ____

Back 73

fallopian tubes, uterus

Front 74

what does birth control do?

Back 74

fools hypothalamus into thinking theres no need to ripen an egg

Front 75

ovulation occurs at day __

Back 75

14

Front 76

dysmenorrhea

Back 76

painful menstruation with high levels of muscle contractios

Front 77

endometriosis

Back 77

growth of the endrometirum in areas outside the uterus= painful!

Front 78

affective=
somatic=
(menstrual cycle)

Back 78

emotional changes
physcial changes

Front 79

sex dimorphic abilities

Back 79

things certain genders are good at

Front 80

hampton

Back 80

found high estrogen levels led to high performace in female dominant activities

Front 81

when do you know you're in menopause

Back 81

one year without a period

Front 82

In the ___ week after conception, sex chromosomes direct
gonads to begin differentiatio

Back 82

7th

Front 83

Mullerian ducts

Back 83

embryonic structures - are found in both male
and female fetuses.
– In males, testes secrete Mullerian Inhibiting Substnace (MIS) and Mullerian
ducts degenerate
– In females, Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and
the upper part of the vagin

Front 84

Wolffian Ducts

Back 84

embryonic structures - found in both male and
female fetuses
– In females Wolffian ducts degenerate
– In males Wolffian ducts, supported by testosterone, develop into the
epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct

Front 85

puberty

Back 85

physiological term referring to transition to
reproductive capacity during which there is sudden
enlargement and maturation of the gonads, external
genitalia, and secondary sex characteristic

Front 86

adolescence

Back 86

social psychological term referring to transition
from the behavior and attitudes of a child to the behavior,
attitudes, and responsibilities of an adul

Front 87

what stimulates puberty

Back 87

Increased FSH and LH production

Front 88

why did MJ stop studying only prostitues

Back 88

bcause many of them had issues and/or were transient

Front 89

MJ initiate vs accept

Back 89

initiate= spontaneous desire
accept= receptive desire
*most desires overlap

Front 90

__ % of Canadian women have used oral constraceptives at some point

Back 90

80%

Front 91

female sexual response are dependent on ___

Back 91

androgens

Front 92

what is the big occasion that often kickstarts female masturbation?

Back 92

first time sex

Front 93

heteronormative society

Back 93

assumption that hetero is normal

Front 94

homonegative

Back 94

not sure, somewhat rejectinng, but not enough to be homophobic

Front 95

benign variations

Back 95

bi, homo, hetero... do these variations really matter> no

Front 96

what kickstarted the gay rights movement

Back 96

the New york stonewall riots of 1969

Front 97

Toronto bath house raids

Back 97

this occured in 1981, and owners were charged with "keeping a bawdy house"

Front 98

Queer/Pansexual

Back 98

emerging definition of gender role
and sexual attraction nonconformit

Front 99

the levels of men who have sex with men are __ times higher than those who actual have a homo identity

Back 99

5 times

Front 100

what was Kinsey's most controversial statistic

Back 100

that 30% of men have engaged in homo behaviours

Front 101

meyers

Back 101

"there is nothing intrinsically bad about being homo, however, they sometimes have bad life experiences"

Front 102

what did the ancient greeks believe?

Back 102

that people were originally double humans (some half men half women, some double me, and some double women)
- believe that was too powerful, so they were split in half
- spend entire life searching for other half
-i.e. double male=homo

Front 103

when did the scientific study of sex begin?

Back 103

19th century

Front 104

Leeuwenhoek

Back 104

discovered sperm

Front 105

where was the first atual fertilization seen?

Back 105

sea urchins

Front 106

sexology is an

Back 106

interdisciplinary field containing biologists, psychologists, antropologists, and physicians

Front 107

communication theorists believe the media can have three types of influence:

Back 107

1) cultivation= makes people believe that what they see in media represents mainstream what really occurs
2) agenda setting= media define what is important by which stories are and aren't covered
3) social learning= media provides role models whom we imitate

Front 108

Ethnocentrism

Back 108

the tendency to regard one's own ethnic group and culture as superior, and that other cultures should be compared to our way of life

Front 109

incest tabos

Back 109

a regulation prohibiting sexual interaction between close blood relatives, it is nearly universal.
- postpartum sex taboo is common

Front 110

Inis Beag (6)

Back 110

island off ireland that is the most naive and sexually repressive society in the world.
- don't even know what french kissing is
- women are dangerous when on their period, and after childbirth
- men believe sex is hard on health
- premarital sex is unknown
- female orgasm doesnt exist

Front 111

Mangaia (6)

Back 111

island in south pacific that is very interested in sex
- at age 13, boys go under the superincision ritual
- 2 weeks after operation he has sex with an experienced women to remove the scab
- soon he has sex every night and goal is to last long time
- girls receive sex instruction from older women
- nothing is despised more than a dead partner who doesnt move

Front 112

Mehinaku (6)

Back 112

Brazilian village.
- openness about sex
- compete for sexual favours from females
- gender segregated (mens house)
- female orgasm is non existen
- female masturbation is dangerous
- all about the men and their high libidos

Front 113

extramarital sex

Back 113

ranks second only to incest as the most strictly prohibited type of sexual contact

Front 114

3 universals of homo

Back 114

1) found universally in all societies
2) men are more likely then women
3) it is never the predomnant form of sexual behaviour

Front 115

social class and sex in canada

Back 115

higher clases have more sex, while lower started having sex earlier and are more likely to get diseases

Front 116

only cross povince sex difference

Back 116

French people more likely to be liberal towards it (50s quiet revolution started this)

Front 117

why are cross cultural studies important (2)

Back 117

1) show sexual variations
2) show how culture shapes behaviour

Front 118

health canada's 4 principles to guide protection and promotion of canadian sexual health:

Back 118

1) all individuals are sexual beings
2) individual autonomy and responsilbity should guide decision making
3) greatest benefits will be achieved by emphasizing promotion of sexual and reporductive health and prevention of problems
4) access should be equitable

Front 119

evolutionary perspectives believe (3):

Back 119

1) physical appeal important (health woman=better babies)
2) natural selection
3) evolution

Front 120

how does evolutionary perspevtives explain why the nuclear family is seen everywhere?

Back 120

- because obstacles to reproduction (i.e. infant vulnerability and maternal death) are reduced by mothers care and fathers security
-there are 2 mechanism that facilitate this bond
1) pair bond (mother/father)
2) attachment (infant/parent)
* Infants chances of survical are better if parents are together and loving

Front 121

parental investment

Back 121

things invested in offspring to acheive survival and reproductive success

Front 122

sexual strategies

Back 122

males and females face diff adaptive problems in short term/long term mating.
- in short term dating, a female may choose a male who provides immediate recourses but choose someone diff for long term
- males may choose a sex available woman for short, but somwthing diff for long

Front 123

buss

Back 123

found that men are more likely to relax their standards when lookign for a short term mate than women are
but, overall, similar strategies and both prefer long term

Front 124

four major psychological theories

Back 124

1) psychoanalytic theory
2) learning theory
3) social exchange theory
4) cognitive theory

Front 125

libido

Back 125

sex drive/enegry
freud saw libido as one of the two major forces motivating human behaviour

Front 126

according to freud, what is the other force motivating human behaviour?

Back 126

thantos= the death instinct

Front 127

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

Back 127

oral= birth to one year (sucking and stimulating mouth)
anal= 2nd year. (focus on elimination)
phallic= 3-5/6. (focus on genitals)
latency= lasts until adolescence (nothing)
genital= everything comes together

Front 128

oedipus complex

Back 128

occurs in the phallic stage. it is the sexual attraction of a boy to his mothers, and he hates his father for having her. He fears castration so the only thing he can do is identify with father

Front 129

female oedipus complex

Back 129

attraction of a little girl to her father, but gets penis envy. she switches her ezone from clit to vag. there is no clear resolution to her problems so her superego never develips as far as a mans

Front 130

frued on dreams

Back 130

are a window to a persons id

Front 131

critiques of freud (3)

Back 131

cannot be scientifically tested
people he tested were therapy patients
male centrerd

Front 132

social learning theory

Back 132

based on learning theory but involves two more things:
1) imitation
2) identification
- successful experiences create self efficacy
- explains gender development

Front 133

self efficacy

Back 133

a sense of competence at performing an activity

Front 134

social exchange theory (3)

Back 134

assumes people will choose actions that max rewards and min costs.
- developed from social learning theory
- reinforcement explains relationships

Front 135

social exchange theory involves two levels

Back 135

1) comparison level= the level of expected outcomes
2) comarison level for alternatives= the level of outcomes in the best alternative relationship

i.e. people will stay in a rela when the rewards are high, costs low, and comparison level for alternatives is low

Front 136

cognitive theory

Back 136

80s and 90s were a cognitive wave
- what we think influences what we feel

Front 137

melanesians (4)

Back 137

-same sex behaviour necessary/normal
- older is inserter
- semen makes boys men
- man chosen by boys father

Front 138

sociologists approach study of sex with three assumptions

Back 138

1) every society regulates member sexuality
2) basic institutions affect rules governing sexuality
3) the appropriatness/inapprop. f a sex activity depends on the culture

Front 139

5 institutions sociological perspectives see infuencing sex

Back 139

1) religion
2) economy
3) family
4) Medicine
5) law

Front 140

relational ideology

Back 140

after the industrial rev, the link became marriage sex and love. eventually that became a direct link between love and sex so that in the 70's ppl began arguing that sex out o marriage was permissable as long as it was loving (same with same sex)

Front 141

medicalization of sexuality

Back 141

the process by which 1) certain sexual behaviours or conditions are defined in terms of health/illness
2) problematic experiences are given medical treeatment (i.e. viagra for erectile issues)

Front 142

1929`

Back 142

word "persons" finally includes both genders

Front 143

role taking

Back 143

the process by which a person imagines how he/she looks from the others' perspective
- conscequence= self-control

Front 144

criticisms of role taking (3)

Back 144

1) too rational, what about emotions in sex?
2) portrays us as obsessed with meeting others' standards
3) sometimes its just expeirence/habit... we dont always consciously role take

Front 145

Why does Reiss think sexuality is important in all societies? (2)

Back 145

1) pleasure
2) personal self-disclosure to others

Front 146

Reiss belives sexuality is linked to structures of society in three areas:

Back 146

1) Kinship
2) power structure
3) ideologies (right and wrong assumptions)

Front 147

sex research techniques vary in 4 ways:

Back 147

1) self reports or observations?
2) sample size
3) field vs. lab
4) naturally or experimentally manipulated?

Front 148

population versus sample

Back 148

pop= a group of people we want to make inferences about
sample= part of the population (because impossible to study all)

Front 149

random sampling

Back 149

simplest form of probabilty sampling. each member has an equal chance of selection

Front 150

stratified random sampling

Back 150

pop divided into groups and then random sampled in each group

Front 151

volunteer bias

Back 151

those who dont refuse are volunteers and may differ in many ways. Big problem in sex research

Front 152

who is less likely to volunteer for some sex research?

Back 152

women

Front 153

2 problems with purposeful distortion

Back 153

enlargement or concealment

Front 154

to get best results for senetive topics, which methods should be emplyed?

Back 154

face to face combined with surveys

Front 155

what is the cardinal ethical principle

Back 155

respect for human dignity

Front 156

free and informed consent principle was adoped in

Back 156

70s

Front 157

justice

Back 157

the risks of participating in the research and the benefits of it should be equally distributed across society. i.e. birth control pill was only tested on peurto rico women and was therefore not equally distributed

Front 158

what is the reliability ususally like for sex questions?

Back 158

about +0.6 to +0.9

Front 159

why did Kinsey start his sex research (3)

Back 159

because he was appaled by the lack of it.
- his lifetime goal was to collect 100,000 sex histories
- 1947- he founded the institute for sex research

Front 160

100 percent sampling

Back 160

Kinsey. contacted a group, obtained their cooperation, and then got every single one of the members to give their history

Front 161

why is Kinsey's stuff not accurate?

Back 161

because he did not use probability sampling out of fear of the non-response problem

Front 162

Kinsey was praised for his

Back 162

interview techniques (i.e. what age did you begin masturbating? rather than do u masturbate?)

Front 163

what is prof known for (3 areas)

Back 163

1) teen pregnancy prevention
2) STI prevention
3) AIDS prevention

Front 164

the Canada youth, sex health, and HIV/AIDS survey found 2 things:

Back 164

1)age of first sex 14
2) percentage of students having sex is not increasing, but freqency is

Front 165

exotic dancer study

Back 165

Maticka-tyndale. Goal was to find if their dancing pout them at risk of HIV/AIDS
- used qual with snowballing

Front 166

2 types of exotic dancers

Back 166

1) goal oriented= treat as their jobs only and do not usually do dugs/drinks or sex
Career Dancers= usually part of strip club culture and drink drugs sex

Front 167

first nations study

Back 167

myers. goal+ assess knowledge behaviours and attitudes related to HIV infection.
reults= many high risk
- 60% no condons onr egilar

Front 168

Prof's analysis model

Back 168

information-motivation-behavioural skills analysis model

Front 169

why did prof find that ppl who had the most erotophobic attitudes towards porn had most kids?

Back 169

because they have a tough time talking about anything to do with not having kids

Front 170

what was prof working towards

Back 170

a theory of the basic psych factors that drive human sex, and from this he aimed at improving peoples sexual and reproductive health

Front 171

critical discourse analysis

Back 171

in content analysis, it is the alaysis of texts' underlying meanigns

Front 172

MJ in the lab

Back 172

- measured heart rate, muscle contractions, and Ph of vag.
- people has practice sessions, then had real sex, and then the female did artifical coiton

Front 173

artifical coition

Back 173

stimulation with a dildo. in M and J it had a camera and stuff in it

Front 174

why were MJ not worried about getting a representative sample

Back 174

because they believed they were studying normative behaviours that everyone had

Front 175

MJ ommitted two types of people from study:

Back 175

1) those not experienced
2) those uncomfortable in lab

Front 176

correlational study

Back 176

a study in which the researcher does not manupulate variables but rather studies naturally occuring relationsips among them

Front 177

vaginoplasty

Back 177

tigetning of vagina

Front 178

hoodectomy

Back 178

removal of clitoral hood

Front 179

toronto trim

Back 179

reduction of labia and clit hood

Front 180

what makes up the external female genitals (5)

Back 180

1) clit
2) mons pubis
3) inner lips
4) outer lips
5) vaginal opening

* collectively known as the vulva

Front 181

clit

Back 181

shaft of two corpora cavernosa that extends about an inch into the body. It is also two crura that lie deep in the body and run from the tip of the clit to either side of the vagina under the major lips

Front 182

why is the clit unque

Back 182

the only part of the sexual anatomy that has no known reproductive function

Front 183

mons pubis

Back 183

the fatty pad of tissue under the pubic hair. covers pubic bone

Front 184

labia

Back 184

inner and outer lips

Front 185

outer lips

Back 185

labia majora. fatty tissue covered with hair

Front 186

inner lips

Back 186

labia minora. hairless skin folds lying alongside vagine. come together at the top, over the clit

Front 187

bartholin glands

Back 187

two tiny glands on either side of the vaginal entrance. their function is unknown but they are of interest because they sometimes get infected

Front 188

fourchette

Back 188

the place where the innner lips come together behind the vaginal opening

Front 189

perineum

Back 189

skin between vaginal entrance and anus

Front 190

introitus

Back 190

another word for vaginal opening

Front 191

urethra

Back 191

small pathway for urine

Front 192

vestibule

Back 192

area enclosed by the inner lips (entraceway)

Front 193

vulvar vestibulitis

Back 193

pain in vestibule

Front 194

how many places is FGC placticed in?

Back 194

25 african nations and several others

Front 195

sunna (3)

Back 195

midlest form of FGC.
removal of hood only...
closest thing to a female circumsicion

Front 196

excision

Back 196

cliterodectomy. removal of entire thing an sometimes inner lips

Front 197

infibulation/pharaoric circumsicion

Back 197

most extreme for of FGC. removal of clit, all inner lips, and some outer. stitched together

Front 198

__ % of cultures practicing FGC use the most severe form

Back 198

15

Front 199

hymen

Back 199

a thin membrane that may partially cover the vag entrance. 4 types: imperforate, cribriform, septate, annular (ICSA)
- moves from stuck shut, to open

Front 200

what 6 things make up the internal female organs?

Back 200

1) vagina
2) vestibular bulbs
3) skene's glands
4) uterus
5) ovaries
6) fallopian tubes

Front 201

walls of the vagina have three layers:

Back 201

1) vaginal mucosa: inner layer, mucous membrane
2) middle layer is muscle
3) outer layer forms a cover

Front 202

nulliparous

Back 202

vulva of someone who hasnt had a baby

Front 203

parous

Back 203

vulva of a woman who has had a baby

Front 204

pelvic floor muscles surround three things:

Back 204

1) vagina
2) anus
3) urethra

Front 205

what is the most important pelvic floor muscle

Back 205

pubococcygeous muscle= a muscle around the vaginal entrance. these are stretched through kegels

Front 206

vestibular bulbs

Back 206

erectile tissue running under the inner lips and skene's glands

Front 207

skene's glands

Back 207

female prostate. lies between wall of urethra and vagina. is dubbed the G-spot

Front 208

what is the lower two thirds of the uterus called? the top?

Back 208

cervix(which opens into vagina),
top= fundus

Front 209

the uterus has 3 layers

Back 209

1) inner: endometrium (glands and blood vessels)
2) middle: myometrium (muscles)
3) outer: perimetrium (forms uterus covering)

Front 210

fallopian tubes

Back 210

tubes extending from uterus to ovaries.. also called ovaducts. they are lines with hairlike projections called cilia.

Front 211

infundibilium

Back 211

part of the fallopian tube closest to the uterus. fertilization usually occurs here

Front 212

ovaries

Back 212

two organs that produce eggs and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) the fallopian tubes and ovaries arent actually attached

Front 213

breasts

Back 213

15 or 20 clusters of mammary glands each with a separate opening to the nipple

Front 214

2 parts of the male external

Back 214

penis and scrotum

Front 215

penis

Back 215

three long cylinders of spongy tissues running parallel to the urethra

Front 216

coropora cavernosa

Back 216

two spongy tissues along the top

Front 217

corpus spongiosum

Back 217

one spongy body running along the underside

Front 218

glans

Back 218

tip of penis

Front 219

corona

Back 219

raised ridge at edge of glans

Front 220

penis and muscle?

Back 220

penis does NOT contain muscle. it is a purely vascular act (blood flow only)

Front 221

Tyson's glands

Back 221

glands under the foreskin producing smegma

Front 222

when did the anti-circumsicion movement begin in canada?

Back 222

1980s

Front 223

subincision

Back 223

a slit is made on the lower side of the penis along the entire length. thus, urine is exrracted at base

Front 224

scrotum

Back 224

pouch of skin containing testes

Front 225

testes

Back 225

pair of glands in scrotum that manufacture sperm and sex hormones. left hangs lower

Front 226

what are testes analogous to?

Back 226

female ovaries

Front 227

seminiferious tubules

Back 227

tubes in the testes that manufacture sperm. this process is called spermatogenesis

Front 228

interstitial cells

Back 228

cells in the testes manufacturing testosterone. they pour hormones into the blood vessels

Front 229

testes are ____

Back 229

endocrine glands (hormone producing)

Front 230

cremasteric reflex

Back 230

the movement of testes to or away from the body in order to keep the temp steady

Front 231

sperm goes through 4 stages of maturation

Back 231

1) spermatogoium
2) spermatocyte
3) spermatid
4) sperm

Front 232

an average ejaculate contains about ____ sperm

Back 232

200 million

Front 233

epidydimis

Back 233

a highly coiled tube located on the edge of the testes were sperm mature

Front 234

vas deferens

Back 234

tube through which sperm (after maturing in the epidydmis) pass on their way our of the scrotum and to the urethra

Front 235

seminal vescicles

Back 235

saclike structures that lie above the prostate, which produce about 70% of the seminal fluid

Front 236

prostate

Back 236

the gland in the male, located below the bladder, that secretes some of the fluid in semen

Front 237

therefore seminal vesicles ____ it, and the prostate ____ it

Back 237

produce, secrete

Front 238

Cowper's gland

Back 238

gland that secrete a clear alkaline fluid into the male's urethra. pre-cum comes from these

Front 239

after ____, breast cancer is the next most common

Back 239

non-melenoma skin cancer

Front 240

where does breast cancer come from?

Back 240

genetics. the rest cases are diet or a virus

Front 241

3 kinds of lumps

Back 241

1) cysts
2) fibroandenomas
3) malignant tumours

80% are 1 and 2

Front 242

radical mastectomy

Back 242

entire breast as well as underlying muscles and lymph nodes are removed

Front 243

modified radical mastectomy

Back 243

everything but muscles

Front 244

simple masectomy

Back 244

only the breast

Front 245

lumpectomy

Back 245

only the lump and small parts of the surrounding tissues are removed

Front 246

if breast cancer doesnt spread, survival rate ____

Back 246

94%

Front 247

what increases HPV risks?

Back 247

early intercourse and multiple partners

Front 248

hysterectomy

Back 248

removal of the uterus. used in advanced cervical cancer
- ovaries left in tact to keep hormones

Front 249

what is the most common form of cancer in men?

Back 249

prostate

Front 250

gonads

Back 250

sex glands (testes in males, and ovaries in females)

Front 251

androgens

Back 251

group of male sex hormones (one of which is testosterone)

Front 252

estrogens

Back 252

group of female sex hormones

Front 253

progesterone

Back 253

a female sex hormone secreted by ovaries

Front 254

pituitary gland (4)

Back 254

- often called master gland.
- small endrocrine gland below the hypothalamus.
- important in regulating levels of sex hormones
- it has three lobes

Front 255

hypothalamus

Back 255

a small region of the brain that is important in the functioning of sex hormones.
- it also regulates behaviours such as eating drinking and sex

Front 256

two important hormones produced by pituitary

Back 256

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Front 257

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Back 257

stimulates follicle development in females, and sperm in males

Front 258

LH (lutenizing hormone)

Back 258

regulates estrogen secretion and ovum development in females, and testosterone in males.

Front 259

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormon)

Back 259

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitarys' secretion LH (lutenizing hormone)

Front 260

HPG axis

Back 260

the negative feedback loop between the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and gonads
- it regulates sex hormone production

Front 261

why is it a negative feedback loop?

Back 261

because if testosterone gets too high, the hypothalamus reduces production of GnRH and thus testosterone decreses

Front 262

Inhibin

Back 262

a substance that regulates FSH levels. it shows a great promise in male contraception

Front 263

endrocrine disruptors

Back 263

chemicals in environment that affect endrocrine system as well as the biological functioning of animals and humans

Front 264

what else does the pituitary produce in females?

Back 264

prolactin= stimulates milk
oxytocin= ejection of milk and contractions in labour

Front 265

most animals have a ____ cycle rather than menstrual

Back 265

estrous

Front 266

what are the three differences between menstruation and estrous

Back 266

1) no menstruation in estrous, only spottong
2) tming of ovulation occurs during estros (heat) for animal. for humans, ovulation is at middle between two periods
3) estrous cycles- only have sex while in heat. humans can have sex anytime

Front 267

menstruation has 4 phases

Back 267

1) follicular phase
2) ovulation
3) luteal phase
4) menstruation

Front 268

follicular

Back 268

begins just after period. an egg matures and prepares for ovulation

Front 269

ovulation (3)

Back 269

- resease of an egg from ovaries. - follicle rutures due to high levels of estrogens (and thus low levels of FSH)
-high levels of estrogen trippers production of LH, which starts ovulation

Front 270

luteal

Back 270

follows ovulation. under LH stimulation, the follicle turns into a grandular mass of cells called the corupus luteum

Front 271

corpus luteum (3)

Back 271

- manufactures progesterone.
- high levels of this inhibit LH, and the corpus degenrates.
- with this comes a decline of estrogen and progestrone, which begins the period.

Front 272

menstruation

Back 272

edometrium leaves through discharge. low levels of estrogen and progesterone. FSH increasing (to start cycle over)

Front 273

what is menstrual fluid made of? (3)

Back 273

blood (endometrium)
degenerated cells
mucus from cervix/vagina

Front 274

anovulatory cycle

Back 274

menstruation without ovulation

Front 275

cervical mucus cycle

Back 275

glands in the cervix secrete mucus during menstrual cycle. helps protect cervix from bacteria

Front 276

basal body temperature

Back 276

body temperature is low during follicular phase and takes a dip on day of ovulation

Front 277

prostaglanins

Back 277

chemicals secreted by uterus that causes uterine muscles to contract and will cause pain

Front 278

what do MJ believe to help menstrual pain?

Back 278

masturbation

Front 279

amenorrhea

Back 279

absense of menstruation. called primary if she has not menstruated by age 18, and secondary if she has before

Front 280

XX

Back 280

female

Front 281

XY

Back 281

male

Front 282

Klinefelter's syndrome

Back 282

a genetic male has an extra X (XXY)... as a result, testes are abnormal, no sperm is made, and testosterone is low

Front 283

at 7 weeks a fetus has (3)

Back 283

a paid of gonads, two sets of ducts, and rudimentary external genitalia

Front 284

when do gonads develop?

Back 284

male- 7 weeks
female -10-11 weeks

Front 285

sex determining region , Y ZONE (SRY)

Back 285

a gene on the Y chromosome that causes testes to differnetiate prenatally

Front 286

if SRY is present...

Back 286

then a substance called testis determining factor (TDF) makes gonads become testes.
- if TDF is not present, female development occurs.. making female the default

Front 287

inguinal canal

Back 287

testes travel down this path to the spot where they remain. they are in the correct spot by about 7 months

Front 288

cryptorchidism

Back 288

undescended testes. 2% of males.

Front 289

inguinal hernia

Back 289

when the pathway that the testes descend down do not close off properly

Front 290

homologous organs (2 pairs)

Back 290

scrotum and outer lips, seminal vesicles and fallopian tubes

Front 291

both homologous and analogous (4 pairs)

Back 291

testes and ovaries, penis and clit, prostate and cowpers, skene's and bartholin

Front 292

8 variables of gender

Back 292

chromosonal
gonadal
prenatal hormonal
prenatal and neonatal brain differnetiation
internal ograns
external appearance
pubertal hormones
assigned gender
gender identity

Front 293

3 most common things causing intersex

Back 293

1) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
2) progestin-induced psuedohermaphroditism
3) angrogen insensitive syndrome

Front 294

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Back 294

genetic female produces too high levels of testosterone prenatally and thus has male genitals

Front 295

progestin-induced psuedohermaphroditism

Back 295

resulted from a drug that was given to women. fetus was exposed to high andreogens because of it

Front 296

androgen insensitive syndome (AIS)

Back 296

genetic condition in which body is unresponsive to androgens so that a genetic male may be born female body

Front 297

5-alpha reductase syndrome

Back 297

Domincan case. Due to genetic-enrocine issues, genetic males appear as felames. gets fixed at puberty

Front 298

What does the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) argue?

Back 298

that intersexuality represents gential variability, not abnormality

Front 299

standard medical practive for intersex

Back 299

make it a clit if less than 0.9 cm
make a penis if more than 2.25

Front 300

menarche

Back 300

first menses

Front 301

leptin

Back 301

protein produced in body that is related to onset of puberty

Front 302

percent of body fat hypothesis

Back 302

% of body weight that is fat must reach a certain level before menses can happen

Front 303

adrenal glands

Back 303

endocrine glands above kidneys. in female, major androgen producers

Front 304

adernarche

Back 304

a time of increased secretion of adrenal androgens, before age 8 usually

Front 305

MJ human sexual response has 3 phases:

Back 305

excitment, orgasm, resolution

Front 306

MJ two basic physiological processes during these phases are:

Back 306

1) vasocongestion and 2) myotonia

Front 307

vasocongestion

Back 307

accumulation of blood in blood vessels as a result of relaxation of smooth muscles around arteries

Front 308

myotonia

Back 308

muscles contracting everywhere in body

Front 309

erection in male

Back 309

coropra cavernosa and corpus songioisum fill with blood

Front 310

vasoconstriction

Back 310

the process that makes erection go away

Front 311

orgasm platform

Back 311

a tigetning of the entrance of the vagina caused by contractions of the bolbopongiousus muscles that occur during plateau stage

Front 312

what engorges the clit?

Back 312

corpora cavernosa

Front 313

what is a key chemical transmitter associated with vasocongestion

Back 313

nitric oxide

Front 314

ballooning

Back 314

the upper 2/3 of the vagina expand to allow for penetration, and the cervix and uterus pull up

Front 315

male orgasms occur in 2 stages

Back 315

1) vas deferns, seminal vesciles, and prostate contract, forcing the cum into a bulb at base of urethra (ejaculation inevitability)
2) bulb, muscles at base, and urethra contract, forcing it out

* first interior orgasm, then exterior

Front 316

caropedal spasms

Back 316

hands and feet splaying

Front 317

detumescence

Back 317

loss of erection. happends in 2 stages
1) emptying of corpora cavernosa (penis still enlarged here)
2) emptying of corpus spongiosum and glans

Front 318

___ is secreted during arousal, an ____ is secreted at orgasm

Back 318

oxytocin, prolactin

Front 319

more prolactin is secreted following ____ than from _____

Back 319

intercourse, masturbation

Front 320

What did freud think of vaginal orgasms?

Back 320

saw them as more mature

Front 321

who first thought of the idea of multiple orgamsms

Back 321

kinsey

Front 322

wallen and roth's cognitive model (3)

Back 322

1) perception
2) evaluation
3) arousal

Front 323

spinal reflexes (3)

Back 323

1) receptors (message trasmitted through these)
2) transmitters (receried, interpreted, and send out response)
3) effectors (muscles responding in response)

* think jerking away of hand when hitting something hot

Front 324

mechanisms of erection

Back 324

it is produced by spinal reflex or cognitive factors. there is an erection reflex centre at base of spinal cord.

Front 325

erection messages are sent via ____, and ejaculation messages are sent via ____

Back 325

parasympatheric, sympathetic

Front 326

retrograde ejaculation

Back 326

goes into bladder... dry orgasm. during orgams an internal sphincter blocks access to bladder at same time it opens access to penis. this is messed up in retrograde

Front 327

what system of the brain is crucial to both male and female arousal

Back 327

limbic. it forms border between central an outer part of brain

Front 328

hormones have organizing and activating affects:

Back 328

organizing= effects in early develipment resulting in permanet change in brain/reproductive system
activating= effets in adulthood. activation of behaviours, sexual ones and agressive ones

Front 329

eunuch

Back 329

castrated man

Front 330

pheremones

Back 330

biochemicals secreted outside the body that are important in communication between animals, and may serve as sex attractants
- dogs and urine

Front 331

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Back 331

located inside the nose and its a chemoreceptor- activated by chemicals like pheremones

Front 332

androstenol

Back 332

odorous steroid in armpits that serves as pheremone

Front 333

menstrual synchrony

Back 333

merging of periods. thought to be due to pheremones

Front 334

autoeroticism

Back 334

self stimulation

Front 335

vibrators made in the

Back 335

1880s

Front 336

interfemoral intercourse

Back 336

a man moving his penis between thighs of partner

Front 337

typological conceptualization

Back 337

the notion that homo and hetero are like black and white- two separate categories

Front 338

kinsey created...

Back 338

a scale of 0-6 homo hetero to homo. believed we should look at behaviour rather than identity

Front 339

internalized homonegativity

Back 339

some LGB internalize negative things said about them

Front 340

hate crime bill

Back 340

passed in 1995 and called for loner sentences

Front 341

hate propaganda ban

Back 341

2004

Front 342

consensual same sex activity was decriminalized in ___

Back 342

1969

Front 343

1996

Back 343

specific laws regarding discrimination of LGB were passed

Front 344

2005

Back 344

same sex marriage

Front 345

2007

Back 345

can be parents

Front 346

6 stages of identity development in LGB

Back 346

1) identity confusion (confused)
2) identity comparison (maybe..?)
3) identity tolerance (probably)
4) identity acceptance (i am!)
5) identity pride (good and bad)
6) identity synthesis (good and bad everywhere)

Front 347

pansexual

Back 347

attracted to people in general, regardless of gender

Front 348

medical model

Back 348

LBG is thought of as sickness or mental illness

Front 349

when was homo removed from DSM

Back 349

1974, and by WHO in 1992

Front 350

conversion therapy/reparative therapy

Back 350

any treatment designed to turn them into heteros

Front 351

what genes influence sex orientation

Back 351

7.8. 20

Front 352

twin concordence rates

Back 352

monozygotic: 52%
dizygotic: 22%
adoptive brother: 11%

Front 353

birth order?

Back 353

gay men more likely to have late birth order and to have older brothers but not older sisters

found in right handed men only

Front 354

why does this birth order thing happen?

Back 354

mother buids up an antibody against a antigen to a gene on the Y chromosome after each pregnancy. believed 15-30% of gay men have been caused this way

Front 355

LeVay

Back 355

found gay men's cells were more similar to females than straight men

Front 356

learning theory on LBG

Back 356

assumes himans have a pool of undifferentiated sex drives that may be channeled into a direction based on positive or negative reinforcements

Front 357

Bem

Back 357

believes bio factors exert their influence over sex orientation through influence on child teperament. (agression and activity level)
- children not born with correct gender temperments seen as non-gender conforming to playmates
- therefore see ppl of their own gender as exotic and have a generalized attraction to them
- eventually that becomes erotic

Front 358

societies with greater _____ involvement an low ___ involvement and have rigid ____ are this which have the ____ rate of homo

Back 358

greater, low, gender roles, higher

Front 359

deprivation homosexuality

Back 359

homo activity that occurs in certain situations like prisons, when people are deprived of their regular hetero activity