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305 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gender Role, Stereotype and Schema |
Gender Role-- Set of norms; cultural expectations; define how those of one gender ought to behave Stereotype-- Rigid set of beliefs; applies to all members of one group. Gender stereotype begins at 6 years old Gender Schema-- Set of ideas associated with males and females; how we process info (assumptions) |
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Gender Identity |
Sense or experience of maleness vs. femaleness May or may not be consistent with biological sex eg. cis vs trans Insurance purposes, jail Gender is rooted in language, medical forms and driver's license |
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Assigned Sex/Gender |
Biological Anatomic sex/gender assigned at birth |
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Males vs. Females Orgasm during coitus |
Sex class: orgasm 76%-100% = males 84% and females 43% NHSLS (US): always orgasm = males 75% and females 29% |
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Males vs Females Desire Differences |
Lower sexual desire? Males = 19% Females 37% |
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Male vs Females Motives/Reasons |
Jan Carrol Men --> less emotional commitment, more physical gratification; causal sex? Men--> love for sex? Women--> sex for love, security? Emotional involvement: Males = 8% Females 45% |
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Males vs Females Willingness to engage in sex |
First moment: Males = 35% and females = 9% Know better: Males = 42% and females = 40% Emotional commitment: Males = 8% and females = 26% |
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Men vs Females Masturbation |
Men more incidence: Males 3% and females 15% Men earlier: Males 10-12 = 22% and Females = 21% Males 13-15 = 47% and females = 15% Men more frequently: Last month? Males = 16% and females = 28% Last year? Males = 63% and females = 42% x/month: Males = 4.9 and females 1.6 |
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Males vs Females number of partners |
Men>women for all ages Women steady decrease with age until active again in old age |
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Males vs Females Sexual thoughts Fisher et al., 2012 |
283 men and women in college Monitor thoughts about food, sleep and sex for one week Given a tally counter every time sex thought occurred to them during the day Men = 34.2 Females = 18.6 |
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Male vs Female Consume Pornography |
3:1 Men are visual Women like auditory, relationship, romance and intimacy Men --> hypersexual; high drive? Women --> hyposexual; low sex drive? or are women more flexible; responsive sexuality |
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Gender Similarities Hypothesis |
2005 – Janet Hyde Males and females are more similar than different on all but a few variables, which include certain aspects of sexuality Men show greater: Incidence of masturbation Pornography use Casual sex behaviour Permissive attitudes toward casual sex |
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Highly sexual women |
Women = undersexed/hyposexual However, no less arousable than men! As children, both M+F discover genital self-pleasure Wentland et al., 2006;2009 UofGuelph; 1549 women 80% agreed with several highly sexualized (i.e., masculine)statements Desire/arousal/ability not gender specific! |
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Patterns of Sexual Response |
Women and men differ in response to sexual stimuli in two main ways – specificity of sexual arousal and sexual concordance Specific and not specific like seminar reading |
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Female arousal differences |
1) Anatomy 2) Hormonal 3) Learning/ culture/ socialization 4) Evolutionary psychology 5) Aggression/strength 6) Distorted differences |
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Female arousal differences: 1) Anatomy |
hard to see own A) less feedback: less likely to be aware of own arousal, internalized sexual organs. Visual and tactile is not a huge problem B) Coitus--> indirect stimulation only, except missionary Male analogy = glans |
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Female arousal differences: 2) Hormonal |
Testosterone: women 1/6 to 1/10 level of T as menMen jolt in teens Anthropomorphizing? |
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Female arousal differences: 3) Learning/ culture/ socialization |
A) Double standards B) Scripts: learned sequence of events, framework for how people are expected to behave C) Females restricted? Gender roles, opportunity and activity --> homemakers vs employed outside of home D) Convergence of behaviour E) Convergence of attitudes D and E changes because of media exposure, resources (internet) norms? |
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Nova Scotia Kids |
Children shown images of men and women Told stories about a particular set of traits Point to picture that describes person in story >85% 8 y/o ID woman as weak, gentle, emotional,excitable, etc. Man = aggressive, strong, course, loud, etc |
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The Traditional Sexual Script |
1) Sex drive: M = strong sexual needs (oversexed) W = sexually reluctant (undersexed) 2) Experience: M = higher experience enhances status W = higher experience decreases status 3) Knowledge: M = sexperts W = naive 4) Sexual interest M = initiators W = gatekeepers |
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Scripted sex |
So, do women learn more “passive” sexual scripts? Books; TV; movies Even sex texts/manuals’ descriptions? – e.g., drawings, arousal male oriented Present male as initiator/educator of sex;female as passive receiver/student Continue to focus on gender differences in many sex manuals |
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Female arousal differences: 3) Learning/ culture/ socialization 3D) Convergence of behaviour |
Convergence of premarital coitus: men > women sex and masturbation but as years go on it goes to women >= men |
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Female arousal differences: 3) Learning/ culture/ socialization 3E) Convergence of attitudes |
Approval of premarital sex: men > women but as years go on it goes women >= men |
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Female arousal differences: 4) Evolutionary Psychology |
Parental investment theory • Cheap sperm v. costly egg – 9 months gestation!• Evolved different mating strategies? • Will develop different mating strategies – Males --> indiscriminate, casual sex – Females --> cautious sex |
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Female arousal differences: 5) Aggression/strength |
Men are physically stronger and more aggressive Aggression also more closely linked with sex in men Women may fear harm more? So, cautious of casual sex with “unknown” men? |
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Social Structural Theory |
Gender differences arise from unequal power divisions between genders Men use privilege and power to sexually objectify and dehumanize women Women focus on acquiring mates with long-term resources (which women have limited means to acquire on their own) |
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Female arousal differences: 6) Distorted differences |
Maybe self reported differences aren't true (answering what is expected of them) Bogus pipeline, men over reported and women under reported |
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Social Learning Theory |
Sex differences derive from what is learned from observing the sexual behaviours of others The learning environment includes not only other human beings, but media of all sorts Some research found that women were more susceptible to sexual stereotyping because they were more responsive to cultural influences |
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Gender Dysphoria |
No longer called “Gender Identity Disorder”: Pathologizes gender variance Reinforced binary category Why do we need label/diagnosis?: Provide medical/psychological support |
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Gender Development in Childhood |
1) Detecting gender – recognizing differences between male and female 2) Having gender – recognizing in oneself characteristics you share with either girls or boys 3) Doing gender – matching one’s behaviour with male or female stereotypes |
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What factors Shape a Child’s Sense ofGender Identity and Gender Roles? |
Toy preferences may be related to gender socialization and operant conditioning Evidence from women with CAH, however,suggests that androgen is related to preferring boy’s toys Evidence for biological basis for gender found in monkeys Velvet monkeys make choices similar to human children Choose gendered toys that engender action or nurturance Anthropomorphizing? |
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Gender non-conforming |
Usually talking about kids Expression of gender does not conform to societal expectations PAST: therapy aimed at “choosing” gender PRESENT: supportive approach; affirm expression rather than fix |
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Psychological Androgyny |
Gender is not a single sliding scale, let alone binary Maleness: low to high Femaleness low to high |
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Causes of Gender Non Conforming/ Gender |
COMPLEX Prenatal: Money (1986); prenatal brain development? Vasey et al., (2009); prenatal defeminisation and masculinisation; embryological implications GENES & HORMONES |
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Turner’s Syndrome (X0) |
Affects 1 in 2500 females Missing second X “monosomy” Women with Turner’s syndrome tend to be short, have underdeveloped breasts, and are infertile Most identify as female and intersex |
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Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY) |
Affects 1 in 500 to 1000 males Often undiagnosed until puberty Males with Klinefelter’s may show breast development,small testes, shorter than average penises, low testosterone Many will not identify as male and may seek to gender transition |
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Hormones of Gender/ Non conforming |
Zhou et al. (1995) Central subdivision of the bed of nucleus of stria terminalis (BSTc) – Area associated with sexual behaviour Typically, larger in men than women Female-sized (smaller) BSTc found in MtF Not influenced by sex hormones in adulthood Independent of sexual orientation |
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5-alpha Reductase Deficiency |
Rare, but cases clustered in regions such as theDominican Republic, Turkey (intermating) Enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female At puberty, however, testosterone levels cause the testes to descend and masculinize the external genitals At this point, most 5-ARD individuals assume a male identity and role |
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Transitioning |
World Professional Association for Transgender Health(WPATH) = Formerly known as the Harry Benjamin International GenderDysphoria Association (HBIGDA) Standards of care Guidelines for professionals to help trans individuals transition |
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Trans Identities |
Transgender individuals may express that they are trapped in the wrong body They feel that their gender identity is opposite to their biological gender Transwomen are also called male-to-female or MTF Transmen are female-to-male or FTM Individuals whose gender identification and self presentation does not conform to gender categories are genderqueer |
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Life Experiences and Sexual Orientations ofTransmen and Transwomen |
The majority of transmen had gender non-conforming childhoods, hiding signs of breast development by binding breasts and dressing in male clothing The majority of transmen have sexual attraction to their biological sex Transwomen fall into two main groups: 1) Some have very gender atypical childhood, believe they are girls, dress as girls, and are usually attracted to men --> After transitioning, they identify as heterosexual women 2) Others are not as overtly gender nonconforming, may have cross-dressed for first time during puberty, and have a strong identification with being female --> They are attracted to women as sexual partners |
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Steps to transitioning |
1) Counselling – Letter to other health care professionals 2. **Real life experience (2 years)** – Used to be; no longer the case 3) Hormone therapy – Sometimes “puberty blockers” 4) Surgical reassignment – Not everyone needs/wants surgery – “top” & “bottom” surgery |
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Post-Surgery Outcomes for Trans |
Neonatal is mostly discouraged Majority of transsexual people report being satisfied with their surgery and have an improved quality of life after transitioning 61 FTM and 50 MTF transsexuals who had SRS and who took part in a study out of the Center for Addiction andMental Health in Toronto reported being satisfied with their surgery outcomes |
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Other Areas of Transition for Trans |
Many other adjustments to be made after gender transition Must negotiate changes in interpersonal relationships Must decide how and when to reveal their transsexuality to new partners (some transwomen have such natural looking vulva and functional vaginas that they can have sexual relationships and not reveal they have had SRS) |
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The Genderbread Person ! |
Gender Identity is the brain. Sex is the parts, physical (voice pitch, body shape, chromosomes, genitalia). Heart is the orientation, sexually and romantically attracted to. Gender Expression- is the way you present your gender through actions and cress which is interpreted by gender norms. |
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Tea room trade |
• Laud Humphreys, 1970 book • Anonymous, male homosexual acts in public restroom • Wanted to avoid response bias, hid his identity/purpose of being there • Served as “lookout” (aka “watch queen”) • Most were outwardly heterosexual men • Researching incongruity between private and social self of men participating |
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LGBTTIQQ |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, two sprited, intersex, queer, questioning |
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Social Exchange Theory ! |
Interpersonal relationships that operate on a system of costs (loses) and reward (gains) within which individuals try to maximize rewards are minimize costs or at least find balance between them Comparison level (expectations), comparison level( for alternatives |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory |
Human nature and social order stem from symbolic communication Communicate what we see and experience Point of view Relational frame theory-- how we communicate what we perceive Defining the situation-- reaffirm old meanings; negotiate new meanings Role taking; seeing self from others POV Meeting other people's standards |
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Parental Investment Theory |
Behaviour and resources invested in offspring to achieve survival and reproductive success of their genetic offspring Eg. Cheap sperm vs. costly eggs + 9 months gestation Evolved different mating strategies with different preferences/tendencies Males = indiscriminate, casual sex Females = cautious sex, resource male Males genetics are more easily spreadFemale have limited chances to spread genes |
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Pair Bond and Attachment |
Pair Bond: Between mother and father Increases chances of survival for offspring if parents are bonded emotionally (in love) May lead to more frequent sexual interaction; therefore rewarding/strengthening Attachment: Between infant parent Continuing physical care (mother) Resources and security (father) |
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Sexual/Affectional Orientationsand Identities |
Current support for the term affectional orientation rather than sexual orientation, as the latter is thought to overemphasize the sexual component of a relationship The term homosexual entered the English language in1869; before then everyone was automatically classified as heterosexual The term homosexual was not so much about doing a behaviour, but about being a certain type of person Many negative associations were attached to being a homosexual; they were viewed immoral, corrupt,mentally ill, etc. |
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Sexual Minority negatives |
1) Many religious elements against; guidelines 2) Illegal (some places) 3) Discriminations 4) Persistent negative attitudes 5) Coming out ! |
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Approved of homosexual relations |
US 38% CND 66% |
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Sexual Minority negatives : 5. Coming Out |
Various experiences Privacy issue --> outing someone else, deliberate; without consent; damaging (Matrix) Liberation from oppression; ordeal Shame to pride: Pride parade Rite of passage |
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Stages of coming out |
1) Identity confusion 2) Identity comparison 3) Identity tolerance 4) Identity acceptance 5) Identity pride 6) Identity synthesis |
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Consolidation of Identity |
Societal influences Parental/familial, peer, cultural/spiritual Behaviour, affect, cognition Connection to self, reconnection to dominant culture, connection to LGBT culture |
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When is the “right time” to come out? |
Bogaert & Jamieson, 2008 Younger? – More attractive – Believe in just world Delay? – Feminine behavioural traits in childhood Anticipation of negative reactions |
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Some Positives of sexual minority |
1) Attitudes not always negative 92% equal job opportunity Receive same tax/employment benefits are increasing 2) Anti-discrimination codes/laws: Civil law not common law yet 3)Better lovers than heterosexuals? Know bodies better? 4) Medical community/psychologists accept as no longer illness/disorder (DSM) 5) Supportive, dynamic community Contact between homosexual & heterosexuals reduces homophobia/negativism Even stronger than reducing racism Gays/lez and hetero parents provide same home for child, lez slightly better |
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Attitudes in Britain on Same sex |
70s it was believed being gay was a disease Attitudes are changing for the better |
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Defining/ Categorizing |
1) Typological: simple, hetero or homo 2) Kinsey continuum: range based on behaviour, bisexuality, homo, hetero scale 3) Klein Sexual Orientation Grid: emotional, physical, social and self identity scale 4) Storms' fantasy/attraction: thoughts, interests homo and hetero as two diff scales |
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Storms’ (1980) “Fantasy/Attraction” |
High homo and high hetero = bisexual Low homo and low hetero = Asexual High homo and low hetero= gay/lez High hetero and low homo = straight Controversy: does bisexuality exist?, is asexuality an orientation? |
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Alderson 2013 Sexuality Questionnaire |
Not gay or straight, just range |
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Identity Labels |
Social constructs Include information about – sexual preference – self-perceptions (“I am lesbian”) – worldviews (political support for female solidarity, etc.) Sexual identity labels people give themselves may wellchange over the course of time. Those who identify asgay, lesbian, or bisexual may have at some point definedthemselves as heterosexual NHSLS (1994): most men reported a same-sexexperience at some point in their lives, but did not self identifyas gay Terms such as gay, queer, and heterosexual are moreaccurately used as adjectives than nouns, as they referto an identity and not an individual’s “essence” |
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Self identification and attraction |
not a solid answer for an orientation LGB |
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Bisexuality and Relationships |
Freud believed we are all born bisexual Bisexuality may simply be lost over time due to socialization However, there has never been a society where the number of same-sex relationships equal that of mixed sex relationships Most bisexual people have a history of heterosexual relationships before they have same-sex interests Some bisexual people are monogamous, others have multiple partners Relatively small number of individuals identify asbisexual – may suffer from being seen as “fence-sitters (don't have an actual struggle for freedom = shunned) |
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Asexuality |
Asexual individuals may fall in love romantically with another for another person without feeling sexual desire for her or him May have a masturbation frequency that falls in the normal range May or may not acquire an asexual identity May just be normal with a low libido |
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Cause(s) of sexual orientation |
1) Gender role behaviour (in childhood): hetero and traditional roles boys are active and rough girls less rowdy play Gays less actives and lez are tomboys Gay/lez have more playmates of the opposite sex 2) Birth order and orientation Gay men on average are born later No effect for lez Increase likelihood of being gay with the increase amount of brothers |
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Biological Factors for sexual orientation |
nonbio older bros have equal chance of being gay and straight Bio bros that never lived together higher chance of being gay than straight = bio factor Maybe the mother's immune system targets male specific proteins in the developing brain? (Proteins likely play a role in sex differentiation of male fetal brain Prenatal androgens (T) important to sex differentiation Internal and external organs differentiate brain areas (hypothalamus and 4fs) Regulate M/F hormones: gender identity; sexual orientation? |
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Other Bio causes |
1) Animal research: T in young female rodents at puberty = will mount 2) Androgenized girls: CAH in adulthood = more bisexuality 3) Boys with cloacal exstrophy: Occurs during fetal development Penis not developed; often raised as girls, surgery Prenatal T same as typical males so even though raised as girls, they are attracted to girls 4) Neuro-endocrine responses: Like women fluctuate hormones, rising estrogen = LH surge; homo men too? 5) Hypothalamus INAH-3 brain structure is less dense in homo men than hetero men 6) Twin concordance: Xq28 have long arm of x chromosome = associated with male sexual orientation 7) 2d:4d 8) Penis Study |
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Gladue (1984) |
LH surge in hetero = women > gay men > hetero men Study never replicated |
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2d:4d |
2nd digit (pointer) & 4th digit (ring) length and ratio studied Lower ratio = more masculine pattern – More prenatal testosterone exposure Low 2D:4D ratio in lesbians similar to men May suggest that (female) orientation partially determined via prenatal T origin |
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Penis Study |
5 measures of penile length and circumference Overall - gay men larger all 5 measures Suggests prenatal T differences? |
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No consistent environmental factor found insurveys |
Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith (1981) 979 homosexual men and women 3-5 hours of interview Sensed “difference” before adolescence No parental trauma No “bad” heterosexual experience No “good” homosexual experience Likely probability of biological cause(s) |
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Difficult to change orientation |
Issues: Conversion therapy No change in orientation; increased guilt APA official stance opposing Women more flexible Environment plays more important role? Societal implication – Alter? – More tolerant? Overall – COMPLEX; more replication needed |
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Psychosocial Explanations of orientation |
Most gay and lesbian individuals were raised by heterosexual parents, and most children of same-sex parents are heterosexual There is no evidence that trauma (such as early sexual abuse) affects sexual orientation Affectional orientation seems more fluid for women |
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Relationship and sex |
Much research on LGBTTIQQ community suffers from sample bias, since so many members of the community are either closeted or secretive Research reports that lesbian couples report greater relationship satisfaction than either gay or heterosexual couples Non-monogamous gay couples are as happy as monogamous gay couples Same-sex couples are more likely to remain friends after a break-up and to look for partners outside their age, race,and socio-economic demographic The majority of gay couples wish to be married at some point |
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Same-Sex Sexual Behaviour |
Gay men in relationships report the most sex, lesbian couples have the least, and mixed couples fall in between Gay males have 42.8 partners on average in a lifetime,heterosexual males have 16.5, lesbian women 9.4, and heterosexual women 4.6 Typical order of sexual activities for boys who have sex with other boys: oral sex, anal sex, anilingus, and anal dildo penetration Typical order of sexual activities for men who have sex with other men: mutual masturbation, oral sex, and anal intercourse Most common sexual activities for women who have sex with other women include oral sex, vaginal–digital penetration, and mutual masturbation |
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What is Attractive? |
1) Proximity (propinquity) 2) Similarity 3) Beauty/physical attractiveness
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1) Proximity (propinquity) |
Being close by 1931 study, Bossard Philadelphia marriage records >50% brides+grooms lived within 20 block before married 1/3 within 5 blocks Social class? Race? Mere exposure increases likelihood |
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2) SIMILARITY |
Attitudes, Personality, Physical traits, Undesirable traits 1. Validates world view 2. Predictable; smooth interaction 3. Social comparison 4. Serving genetic interest? – Helping copies of “own” genes/traits? Mutual understadning |
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3) Beauty/Physical Attractiveness |
We are drawn to beauty A factor in marriage/dating choice – More dating; sex Other benefits too! Rated…– Happier - Innocent – Smarter - Confident – Persuasive Beauty varies by person + culture |
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Beauty across cultures |
Both sexes: good skin, teeth, symmetry Health Golden ratio 1.618 found in nature, architecture, design etc |
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Bell's Palsy |
droop on one side of the face = asymmetry = unattractive |
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Reciprocity and Uncertainty |
We tend to like people who like us An exception to this rule is people may be even more attracted to someone they are uncertain about Mysterious |
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Matching Phenomenon! |
Tendency for men and women to choose partners similar in attitude, intelligence and attractiveness |
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Homophily! |
The principle that we are more likely to have context and affiliate with people who are similar to us |
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Assortative mating |
The tendency to choose a partner who is similar to oneself on one or more characteristics |
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How do people judgetheir own attractiveness? |
Pozzebon, Visser, & Bogaert (2012) Brock undergrads rate themselves on physical attractiveness How physically attractive are you? 7 point scale 1 = low 7 = high Men rated themselves higher Overestimated their own attractiveness when compared to others Trait that predicts people will overestimate: high self esteem; more masculine gender roles |
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Do Opposites Attract? |
People are attracted to individuals with dissimilar immune systems MHC – the histocompatibility complex that is used to distinguish self from non-self factors (infectious agents) Mating choices are influenced by body-scent preferences that indicate MHC similarity/dissimilarity Women enjoy men's body odour --> MHC (attractiveness) |
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Gender/Sex differences in attractiveness |
MEN, what they think is attractive to partner: Jaw line; muscles; height; small butt Cues to dominance, exposure to testosterone (T)prenatally – Masculinzation? Heterosexual women less interested in men’s physical attractiveness: personality, resources, behaviour, more attracted to men’s faces than bodies 2001 COMPASS survey of Canadians – “Want extraordinary face or body?” – Women want nice face• 57% face vs. 28% body |
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Heterosexual men? and attractiveness |
Attracted to women's body Youth, rounded butt, some fleshiness +0.7 waist to hip ratio (WHR)
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Composite photo Women |
15 different women (plus some exaggerated features) Both Western (e.g., British) and Eastern (e.g., Japanese)people find In women: – Large eyes; small nose; high cheek bones; smaller jaw(feminine features) attractive There are some negatives to being attractive: ostracizing, fat and skinny shaming |
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Attachment |
Bond formed between infant and caregiver Later formed with other familiars Quality of attachment effects capacity for emotional attachments in adulthood Attachment theory, 1950s – John Bowlby: Connections are important! Thrive well with personal attachment to caregiver |
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Attachment Theory! |
People seek out or avoid intimacy in different ways Bartholomew’s attachment styles include four styles of attachment Based on how individual views of the self and others shapes the style of attachment that individual will take |
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What is love? |
Broad term; used in several different ways Food preference Person, activity, object Pet rocks named Gordon No singular definition even within similar/same cultures! |
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Types of intimacy |
Emotional Social Sexual Intellectual Recreational |
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Positive Model of others and Positive model of self! |
Secure attachment Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close relationship; self confident and resolves conflict constructively |
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Positive model of others and negative model of self! |
Preoccupied Overtly invested and involved in close relationship; dependent on others for self worth; demanding needy, approach orientation towards others |
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Negative model of others and positive model of self! |
Dismissing Compulsively self reliant, distant in relationship; down plays the importance of intimate relationship |
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Negative model of others and negative model of self! |
Fearful Dependent on others, but avoids intimacy due to fear of rejection. Low self esteem and high attachment |
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Positive model of other |
Seeks others out |
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Negative model of others |
Avoids intimacy |
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Positive model of self |
Self confident |
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Negative model of self |
Anxious |
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory! |
Intimacy (liking), passion (infatuation), commitment (empty love) People do not have a formal definition for love, but list certain features as characteristic of love (e.g., caring,honesty, friendship, and respect) Sexual attraction, desire, and trust are mentioned often as central to romantic love Passionate love consists of intense longing,preoccupation with, and idealization of the loved one Companionate love consists of warmth and affection,based on deep friendship that is comfortable and trusting |
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7 types of love! |
Intimacy (liking), Passion (infatuation) Commitment (empty love) Intimacy + Commitment = companionate love Passion + Intimacy = romantic love Passion + Commitment = fatuous love Consummate love = intimacy + passion + commitment |
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Love and the Brain |
Individuals who are intensely in love show increased activity in the reward and motivation centre of the brain, and decreased activity in the brain areas controlling social judgment and emotions such as grief and fear |
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Misattribution of arousal! |
When physiological arousal stemming from one state (fear) is misinterpreted as stemming from another state (love) |
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The Two-Factor Theory of Love! |
This theory states that attraction is based on both cognition and physiological arousal Passionate love is a combination of intense arousal (rapid heartbeat, butterflies in the stomach) and situational cues (presence of the other person) This state is interpreted by the individual as “love” Can also experience when stressed/anxious! Misattribution of arousal |
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Relationships |
A) Courtship B) Movement across time C) Deterioration D) Endings |
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A) Courtship |
Building, natural stages.phases Most strategies worked for men being approached by women Women responded most favourably to third- party introductions, then direct introduction lines, and least to cute-flippant lines (pick up lines) 1) Location and appraisal of partner: finding and evaluating, easier to connect (emotion) in person than text 2) Pretactile: posturing and reassuring of one's value, dependable and reliable; worth the wait, critical transition (body language) 3) Tactile interaction (early physical intimacy) 4) Genital union
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B) Movement across time |
Need longitudinal study “Classic” study – Peplau et al. (1979) 231 “going-together” college couples 972-1974 – Filled out variety of questionnaires 1) Sex attitudes/values= similar?: 95% agreement on premarital sex if there is love 82% said casual was okay. Men > women sex is important and wanted more 2) Patterns of sexual relations: abstainers, moderate, permissive 3) Coitus timing: Women sets sexual pace in relationship Religious women = later coitus, men no correlation Virgin women more abstain Virgin women and experienced man = 33% abstain Virgin man and experienced women = 0% abstain |
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Sex frequency & satisfaction |
Is there a relationship between sexual frequency and relationship satisfaction? – …yes, to some degree BUT: is satisfaction the effect or cause of sexual frequency? Factors associated with lower sex freq: Time investment (kids, career) Habituation (boredom) Health issues (hormones, aging, etc) Most support for habituation and health |
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Optimal Sexuality |
What makes great sex Authenticity Being present Connection with a partner Exploration Extraordinary communication and empathy Transcendence Vulnerability Deep sexual and erotic intimacy |
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C) Deterioration |
Just like in physics, order requires energy to be maintained Irrational to think good relationships (or good sex, for that matter!) require NO investment of time and effort Active vs. Passive responses – Working to enhance vs. spontaneous remission e.g., assumed vs. learned sexual behaviours… |
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D. Endings |
Hill et al. studied Peplau’s breakups – 103 broken up Not predictive: Sex; living together Predictive of staying together?: Psychological closeness; intimacy Probability of marriage Timing of break up: start/end of school; christmas Men more affected by break up Me: Men< women partner Men> Women Mutual Men> women |
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Staying friends |
58% stayed (or said they stayed) friends – Some gender differences though! Men who did the breaking up: 46% stayed friends Women who did the breaking up: 70% stayed friends |
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Long Lasting Relationship – all 6! |
1. High initial satisfaction 2. High initial closeness 3. Initial duration high 4. No better alternative to present partner 5. Had sex with partner 6. Exclusive |
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Predict distress in relationship |
1. Length (shortness; weeks, days) 2. Closeness (not close) 3. Hard to find alternative (convenience) |
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Jealousy |
Emotional threat to a valued relationship Adaptive emotion to retain mates; unhealthy? Not sure if it is healthy and good for a relationship Crime stats show that jealousy contributes to many homicides – 40% of women |
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Jealousy v Envy |
JEALOUSY– Fear that something you have will be taken away from you ENVY– Coveting what someone else has |
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Jealousy in the lab |
Jealousy relates to low self-esteem and aggression DeSteno et al., 2006 – Women undergrads paired with attractive male partner in computer task but he leaves for another woman Assessed for self-esteem and aggression Results: Lowered self-esteem and likely aggression toward male and“other woman” Tried to force them to taste a very hot sauce unexpectedly |
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Do men/women differ in jealousy |
Women more jealous of emotional/commitment? Men more jealous of “sexual”/physical? Buss et al., 1994: Asked “Say you found out your partner was interested in another…” A. Imagine partner forms deep attachment B. Imagine partner enjoys passionate sex 60% of men more distressed over sexual infidelity; vs20% women
Why?: Evolutionary explanation: men run risk of being “cuckolded” never 100% sure of parental certainty Men want to care for own genes, not another man’s offspring Women want men’s resources/commitment to help care for offspring (larger reproductive investment) |
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Social Networking Sites and Jealousy |
University of Guelph researchers were first to connect the use of Facebook with jealousy 16 per cent of the people surveyed linked their or their partner’s jealousy with Facebook Facebook may provoke jealous reactions due to several factors—information about the partner, photos and wall posting that are threatening, and past romantic partners who are “friends” |
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Loneliness |
Emotional isolation, Socially isolated, Intellectual loneliness, Cultural loneliness, Existential/cosmic isolation, Psychological (PTSD) isolation/loneliness etc. Men = women, but… 1. Married women > married men 2. Single men > single women 3. Separated/divorced men > women 4. Widowed men > widowed women Younger adults are lonelier |
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Attributions (perceived causes) important for loneliness |
Internal & external (myself or outside) Stable & unstable E.g., loneliness attribution 1. Internal, stable – I am chronically unlovable 2. External, stable – World is nasty, all people stink! 3. Internal, unstable – Bad decision, am isolated now 4. External, unstable – Wrong environment; these people not right for me Prediction; poorest prognosis for change? – Stable (internal or external) |
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Exiting loneliness |
Current coping behaviours Changing to unstable (external) attributions Empowering – “What if…” --> “How do I…” Personal changes• Changing expectations |
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Affairs & Extradyadic activity |
Married men > women Underestimate? Attitudes towards extramarital affairs? |
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Equity Theory! |
Relationship inputs vs rewards Greater inequity = greater distress To relieve stress, attempt to restore equity• Hatfield (1978) – Those who felt under benefited more likely to engage it extramarital sex Rewards > input = higher satisfaction |
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Genetic component to cheating? |
Men – Sex with more women leading to more offspring – Likely to pass on those genetic factors Women – Extra goods and services – Increasing genetic diversity of offspring |
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Polyamory |
“Non-possessive, honest, responsible, and ethical philosophy and practice of loving multiple people simultaneously” – Not just about sex Full disclosure of the network of relationships to all participants Emphasis on long-term, intimate relationships |
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Traits of Cheaters |
Narcissism (self love) Impulsive Greater marriage conflict (equity theory) Alcohol abuse Dissatisfaction with marital sex |
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Types of cheating |
A. Accidental (unintended & uncharacteristic) B. Romantic infidelity C. Open Marriage/Relationship D. Philanderer |
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Behaving in ways to make partner not stray?(i.e. keeping them attracted) |
MEN– greater resource display (giving money; gifts) – Frequent submissive tactics (“Yes, dear”) WOMEN– Using their appearance (make selves more attractive) – Possessive verbal statements |
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Emotional infidelity |
1. Expressed emotional dissatisfaction – “I want to see other people” 2. Emotional disengagement – Forget special dates; not respond “I love you” 3. Reluctance spending time together 4. Inconsiderateness 5. Acting guilty 6. Anger and critical of partner 7. Reluctance to talk about certain person (4-7 focus on changes in communication) |
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Sexual (Physical) infidelity |
1. Physical signs of disinterest in sex activity – Partner smells like had sex with someone else 2. Revelations of infidelity – Partner confesses 3. Changes in routine/sexual behaviour – Partner starts trying new positions 4. Increased sexual interest/exaggerated displays of affection – “I love you” more than usual 5. Sexual disinterest/boredom– Not enjoy sex as much as used to |
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Communication |
Complex On going verbal, behavioural, and affective (i.e., emotional)exchanges between partners Negotiation Verbal, non verbal, portrayal, tone, body language |
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Importance of Sexual Communication |
Open and effective communication about sex with a partner is associated with good outcomes for a couple There will be some incompatibilities (e.g., how much sex and when?) in the sexual relationship, which effective communication can help smooth out Share likes and dislikes and negotiate |
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4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
1) Criticism – attacking partner’s character or personality 2) Contempt – putting down/expressing disrespect 3) Defensiveness – denying responsibility, making excuses, or counter-complaining 4) Stonewalling – refusing to respond; not engaging Signs of a bad relationship that probably won't last |
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Non-Verbal Communication |
Research shows that the most common way that people communicate is non-verbal Non-verbal accounts for 60–65 per cent of exchanged information in a single encounter (Birdwhistell) Also, if a spouse says “I am not angry” and then frowns,the other spouse will believe the non-verbal rather than the verbal part |
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Patterns of Couples’ Communication |
Distressed couples patterns Negative reciprocity-- Tendency to let negative exchanges escalate Demand-withdraw pattern-- “the endless chase” This type of pattern often results in eventual separation and divorce because of nagging and nothing getting done |
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Communication studies: The How-to Guide |
Self-reports or observational Come into this lab… Record/observe in rented out apartment (Gottman) In-lab interaction accurately represents typical communication style of that couple! Men were more likely to withdraw while women were more likely to make demands Men had greater need for independence while women required a need for closeness Men may withdraw because of more T thus displaying stronger physiological reactions in conflicts (lash out) |
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“Traditional” marriage |
Men benefit more? i.e., less housework and childcare Men --> withdraw to preserve status quo (already in their favour) Women --> make demands to change status quo |
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Straight couples communication |
Sanford, 2003 – ask psychologists 24 areas of relationship disagreement… Sex is #5! Barriers to discussing sex: Differences threaten relationship? Feeling shame/guilt Believing emotional (but not sexual) intimacy is important |
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Same-sex couples communication |
Holmberg & Blair (2009) – No significant differences Why study?: Danger of mixed-sex becoming “standard” or “normal” Helping reduce stereotypes/misconceptions |
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How to Communicate Effectivelywith One’s Partner about Sexuality |
A person’s attitude and beliefs about sexuality playa large role in how well an individual communicates about sex in a partnership An individual’s expectations about how a discussion about sex will unfold will affect the outcome whether these expectations are right or wrong |
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Sex is about negotiation… |
Basic strategies for negotiating with a partner include: 1. Clarifying the issue and listening carefully to each side. 2. Finding out what each partner wants. 3. Determine how you both can get what you want. 4. Negotiating changes and being willing to compromise. 5. Solidifying agreements verbally or in writing. 6. Reviewing and renegotiating plans and making adjustments. |
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Pheromones |
Biochemical messengers secreted outside the body Evidence in animals: e.g., males prefer odour of females in in estrus e.g., Whitten effect (induce ovulation)-- Urine of male rats stimulates simultaneous estrus in females e.g., Bruce effect (miscarriage)a.k.a. pregnancy block-- Tendency for female rats to terminate pregnancy after exposure to scent of unfamiliar male |
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Human pheromones? |
Not really the “smelling”kind of animal but we can sense smells? 1) Pheromone organ 2) Androstenol 3) Ovulation effect? 4) Shorter cycle when men around… 5) Androstenol & Social interaction 6) Synthesized “female pheromone” study 7) Cycling |
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Human pheromones: 1. Pheromone organ |
Vomeronasal organ (VNO) Mammalian brain structure, acts as specialized chemoreceptor in olfactory bulbs – Specialized for sensing pheromones Not sure if exists in humans…– If it does, does it still function? Cranial nerve “zero”? – May sense pheromones, even if don’t have an odour? |
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Human pheromones: 2. Androstenol |
Isolated in underarm sweat – apocrine glands |
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Human pheromones: 3. Ovulation effect? and 4. |
Veith et al., 1984 29 undergrad women – Monitor menstrual cycle + time spent with men + sexual activity Results? – Nights out with men --> more ovulation! – No effect on intercourse, though… 4. Shorter cycle when men around… |
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Human pheromones: 5. Androstenol & Social interaction |
Cowley & Brooksbank, 1991 Some men and women sleep with vials containing androstenol Control group = empty vials Come into lab late morning; fill out questionnaire Measured interaction with opposite sex… Results? – No effect in men Women's result with men vials had more interactions with men and a longer duration time with men than the control group Women's results with women vials had no significant differences |
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Human pheromones: 6. Synthesized “female pheromone” study |
McCoy & Pitino, 2002 Similar to vaginal secretions Added to perfume – Some women received; some received control Both recorded dates + sex frequency Results?: More kissing, fondling, intercourse than control – But not more masturbation! So, more “attractive” to men? |
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Human pheromones: 7. Cycling |
What happens when females together? McClintock, 1971 – Cycles synchronize! Maybe to stop dominate males from monopolizing (pregnancies) |
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Study of Bedouin women (Weller & Weller, 1997) |
Desert dwelling Arabian ethnic group Ideal for studying (naturalistic; i.e., no birth control) 20-25% shift toward synchrony after 3 months Earlier studies show these effects weren’t due to diet,geography, amount of light… So, pheromones? |
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Stern & McClintock, 1998 |
Swabbed a strange woman’s armpit sweat onto upper lip of female subjects – Not detected consciously! Half were from women ovulating; half not Results?: Women had a short cycle if “non-ovulation” sweat – Longer cycle if “ovulation” sweat So, pheromone in our sweat? |
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Tantric sex |
Stems partly from ancient sex manuals – Kama Sutra Incorporates sex positions Also about spiritual teachings Describes “ability” to control/move sexual energy Mindfulness --> parallel with sex therapy? |
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First Sexual Experiences |
Sex is an important rite of passage – wide range of emotions and expectations! Age at first intercourse is used to inform health policies and intervention strategies Later age of intercourse is linked to such things as parental disapproval of early sex and greater parental control,academic achievement, etc. Earlier age of intercourse is linked to such things as peer pressure to have sex, substance use with friends, having an older partner, etc. |
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Consent |
Both partners need to agree/give consent 2 components: – Clear understanding – Given freely/not coerced Non-verbal consent? Compliant sex – consent, but don’t really want it |
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Erogenous zones |
Areas of pleasure (touch) Variable --> so communication is important! – “playful + gentle” Types/techniques of sexual behaviour |
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Masturbation |
It’s got a bad history! Thought of as sickness or sin Often still negative… but more positive! Maclean’s poll of Canadians – Masturbation is a healthy part of one’s sex life – 65% agree Giles (2003): Men in 20s, 5x+/week – 1/3 less likely to have aggressive cancer Improve quality of sperm? – Stress reliever, pelvic congestion… Dimitropoulou et al. (2009): – UK study – Men in 20s, more frequent --> higher prostate cancer risk! – Men in 50s, more frequent --> lower risk! – Indicator of high androgen levels/high sex drive? |
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Incidence of Masturbation |
Most of all sexual activity? Most frequent during adolescence (at least in males!) Kinsey data: – By 15, 82% of males had masturbated – 25% of females Compared to today, there are some differences… but more similarities NHSLS reported lower gender Masturbation possibly due to under reporting or misunderstanding the question (frequency?) |
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Techniques of female masturbation |
Vary Sex toys Clit > PiV |
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Techniques of male masturbation |
Masturbation can produce powerful orgasm But less “satiating”satisfying |
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Fantasy |
By itself; or can occur with sexual activity Does it serve a function? – Fantasizers --> better adapted? |
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Themes of fantasy |
Exciting situations New partners Gender differences exist, too – Visual vs. Object of desire Novel situation – e.g., doctor’s office Control issues emphasized Men --> visual: Want to see sexy body Women --> object of desire: Wants to be seen as sexy |
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Two person sex/erotic behaviour |
Variation 1) Kissing is intimate 2) Touching (foreplay): hand stimulation of the genitals--> males = penis women = watch or ask 2b) Other senses: sight, smell, sound, taste, Nociception (pain) 3) Coitus: Missionary, cowgirl, doggie, side to side, oral sex |
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Missionary |
Women > men prefer Most frequent position Advantages?: Best position for ensuring conception! Allows for intimacy/communication/kissing Disadvantages?: Best position for ensuring conception! Not comfortable during pregnancy or if obese Poor ejaculation control |
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Cowgirl |
Men> women prefer Advantages?: Provides a lot of clitoral stimulation; woman controls amount Allows man to delay ejaculation Disadvantages?: ? |
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Doggie |
Men > women prefer Advantages?: Man or woman (or both) have greater ability to stimulate clitoris Lots of variability (side-to-side, lying flat) Disadvantages?: Lacking aspect of intimacy? Air pockets |
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Side to side |
Men < women prefer Advantages?: Prolonged/leisurely pace Most comfortable for pregnant/obese/back injury Disadvantages?: “Your hair is in my face…” |
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Oral-genital contact |
Increase in popularity since Kinsey’s time! Illegal? – US states --> anti-sodomy laws still exist in 17 states – Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, NorthCarolina, South Carolina, and Utah (regardless of gender) Oklahoma, Kansas, Kentucky, and Texas (specifically targeting same-sex relations) 2003 supreme court (Lawrence vs. Texas) struck down asunconstitutional… yet… there is jail time |
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Cunnilingus |
Female receive and men give often very stimulating Some women only reach orgasm with partner this way |
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Fellatio |
Men receive and women give Very stimulating Issues.. STI transmission; ejaculation (where); sensitivity |
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Anal intercourse |
Men > women prefer Issues/cautions: Doesn’t produce lubricant; tight muscles Higher risk of HIV transmission More delicate tissue; easy to rupture Anilingus (rimming) |
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Aphrodisiacs? |
Mostly myth… nothing reliable to increase desire Many used for such purposes can be dangerous! Rohipnol (date rape drug) Raw oysters (vibrio vulnificus) Alcohol (lowers inhibition; functional decline) – Amyl & butyl nitrite (poppers; originally designed to treat angina pectoris --> dilate coronary arteries) = probable death |
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Social Variation |
normal vs abnormal Conforming to a standard; usual, typical or expected Sex Research: Statistically normal, sociological/behaviourally normal, psychologically normal, medically normal? ex. Masturbation Normal changes across time |
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Paraphilias! |
Recurring, intense, persistent sexual interests other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal,physically mature, consenting human partners KINK Mild preference, strong preference, abnormal when it's a necessity, substitute for human partner |
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Paraphilias Bad? |
Unusual but no coercion = healthy for some (Un)usual and coercion = unhealthy Consent important and context |
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Paraphilic disorder! |
A paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual Or that may harm others when acted upon Need to meet two criteria (A+B) for diagnosis |
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Paraphilic Diagnosis |
Criterion A: Qualitative nature of the paraphilia e.g., sexual attraction to shoes/feet e.g., exposing genitals to stranger Criterion B: Negative consequences of the paraphilia e.g., distress, impairment, harm to others A (but not B) = paraphilia A + B = paraphilic disorder |
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Sources of Paraphilia Data |
Assessment and treatment of those convicted of an offence – i.e., those who were “caught” Individual case studies Willing participants – i.e., Kinsey interview data Small town & illegal = reluctant to participant even if anon--> those caught |
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Types of Paraphilia |
A. Consenting Partners: Typically not illegal Some exceptions i.e., UK porn law (face sitting) B. Non-consenting partner: Typically illegal Courtship disorder (Freund) |
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A. Consenting |
1) Fetishes 2) Cross dressing 3) BDSM 4) Problematic sexual behaviour |
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1) Fetishes |
Nonliving objects or non genital body parts eroticized Usually something closely associated with body (clothing) Caveat: cannot be limited to cross dressing or stimulation devices (vibrator) = that's their purpose Media Fetish, Form Fetish, |
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Media Fetish |
Material the object is made from is the source of arousal Hard media: leather, rubber, commonly associated with BDSM Soft media: fur, silk |
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Form Fetish |
The object itself and the shape it takes Most tend to be female gender specific (shoes, lingerie) Not always = balloons |
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Fetishist Frequency Scorolli et al., 2007 |
Online survey; 381 discussion forums Estimated 5000 individuals Most common: 33% preference for body parts/features;or objects associated with body 18% other people’s behaviour 9% bodily fluids and specific body size Foot/toe was most commonly reported body part fetish(47%) Many individuals have more than one fetish• Fetishism tends to overlap with other paraphilias(e.g., BDSM) |
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Fetish development |
Typically appear in childhood Appear almost exclusively in males So how does it form? – Learned? CC – Cognitive distortion? – Addiction?-- compulsive behaviour related to fetish |
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Cognitive Psychology (Distortion) |
Cognitive distortion about what's erotic/arousing Perception of arousal also distorted eg What they really feel is guilt/shame Cycle: 1) Negative experience 2) Unconventional behaviour; guilt 3) Arousal 4) Arousal misinterpreted as sexual arousal 5) Feel that fetish ritual must be carried out 6) Orgasm; temporary relief |
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2) Cross dressing |
Drag queens/kings ie gay men dressing as women Caricatures of gender roles; commentary Female impersonators eg mrs. doubtfire Childhood gender exploration Transvestism-- feeling of wearing other's clothes usually privacy of own home |
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Transvestism |
Dressing as other gender for erotic/sexual gratification Almost exclusively men; heterosexual – Why virtually only men? Usually harmless; only seek treatment when partner distressed Disorder – always or often emotionally distressed; feel it impairs social or interpersonal functioning |
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Subtypes of Transvestism in Men (DSM5) |
A. Transvestic disorder with fetishism: + arousal to fabrics, materials, garments worn B. Transvestic disorder with autogynephilia – + arousal to thoughts of self as female |
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Transvestism Prevalence |
Dzelme & Jones, 2001: Begin cross-dressing in childhood Masturbate while cross-dressing during adolescence Bullough & Bullough, 1997: Median age of first cross-dress 8.5 Docter & Prince, 1997: Heterosexual; married men; college educated |
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Erotic target location error |
Freund & Blanchard, 1993: Autoerotic paraphilia i.e., arousal of transformed image of self Autogynephilia debate: Increased likelihood of gender dysphoria Inappropriate label? Blanchard, 1991: Misdirected male heterosexuality Rather than external female, attracted to woman internal tothemselves |
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3) BDSM |
BD: Bondage and discipline Simple restraints --> elaborate rituals Also psychologically restraining Obedience and servitude e.g., painful stimuli, sensory deprivation DS: Dominance and submission Play scripts; carefully controlled Exchange of power Top; bottom; switch Meticulous and cautious (great communicators!) Most men and women, regardless of orientation, prefer to be bottoms SM: sadomasochism Rituals and scripts surrounding pain Receive pain – masochist Inflict pain – sadist Pain outside of sexual script is NOT arousing – e.g., stubbing toe; paper cut |
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Sexual Sadism Disorder |
Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from physical or psychological suffering of another person = Fantasies, urges, behaviours Dx: act on urges without consent of other person; or distress/impairment |
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Sexual Masochism Disorder |
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch; novelist term coined by R. von Krafft-Ebing Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from being humiliated, beaten, bound, made to suffer = Fantasies, urges, behaviours Dx: must cause significant distress or impairment |
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BDSM Summary |
BD – is about RESTRAINT DS – is about CONTROL; POWER SM – is about PAIN |
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Kinsey (1953) |
Approx ½ males and females experienced erotic response as result of being bitten while engaging in sex 12% females; 24% males – Erotic response to story about sadomasochism |
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Durex Sexual Wellbeing Survey (2005) |
> 40 countries 5% identified with BDSM community 20% had engaged in some form of bondage, light spanking during sex |
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SM development |
Childhood trauma?: i.e., punished after caught masturbating Moser, 1979: Majority of SM no recall any erotic enjoyment from punishment as child Escape from self-awareness?: Baumeister, 1988 – Giving up control? Esp. men – male role is especially burdensome; heave pressure for autonomy, separateness, individual achievement |
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4) Problematic Sexual Behaviour |
Sex addiction (Carnes) Hypersexuality (Kafka) Compulsive sexual behaviour (Coleman) Dysregulated sexuality (Winters) Sexual impulsivity (Barth & Kinder) PRD (paraphilia-related disorder) = Nonparaphilic hypersexuality disorder (Kafka) Overlap among models/explanations |
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Sex addiction! |
Carnes (1983) Pathologic relationship to sex – Errant coping mechanism? Criticism of term “addiction”: No chemical dependence; no physiological withdrawal symptoms May be used as excuse? Addicted to breathing? |
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4 step cycle of sex addiction! |
1) Preoccupation – Can think of nothing else 2) Rituals – Prelude to sexual act – i.e., cruising 3) Compulsive sexual behaviour – Lack of control 4) Despair – Guilt, shame, failure |
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Compulsive Sexual Behaviour |
Intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, and associated behaviour Intrusive, driven, repetitive a) Lack impulse control b) Often incur social/legal sanctions (getting arrested) c) Interfere with interpersonal and occupational functioning d) Create health risks (STIs) |
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Hypersexuality |
Common theme to SA & CSB 1. Interference – Time consumed takes away from important obligations 2. Repetition – In response to anxiety/depression3. Distress 4. Not from medication or drugs 5. Unable to reduce frequency “Excessive frequency”: How is that established? Impairment in relationships, work, education Nymphomania: Insatiable sex drive in women Satyriasis (Don Juanism): Insatiable sex drive in men Desire discrepancy plays larger role? |
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Sex a Problem |
Loss of control Obsession Compulsiveness Obliviousness to danger Different for married vs single people? |
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Frequency of sex?! Winters et al. (2010) |
6458 men surveyed No significant group differences for frequency ofmasturbation, total partnered sexual activity, or total sexual outlet or orgasms per week and psychological symptoms Self-described sex-addicts reported difference in ideal amount of sex wanted!! |
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Skegg et al. (2010) |
First empirical study to examine “out-of-control” sexual behaviour 1037 men and women from New Zealand “In the past 12 months, have you had sexual fantasies,urges or behaviour that you felt were out of control?” Men 14% women 7% 2.8% of the total sample believed these had interfered with their lives <1% that their sexual behaviours interfered with their lives |
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Sex Comorbidity |
Substance use disorders Depression Anxiety Personality disorders |
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Risk taking in Sex |
Langstrom & Hanson (2006) Continue to pursue, despite negative consequences Preference for casual sex, extra-partnered, or group sex Smoking, heavy drinking, drug use |
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PGAD & priapism |
PGAD-- persistent genital arousal disorder, spontaneous, persistent, uncontrollable genital arousal that is not associated with sexual desire Never damage? ie PGAD + episiotomy Not psychological arousal Priapism-- persistent, often painful erection |
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B. Non consenting |
Courtship disorders (Freund) Courtship: Looking for/ finding partner--> Voyeurism/scotophilia disorder Courtship: Approaching that partner (pretactile)--> Exhibitionism disorder Courtship: Tactile--> Frotteurism/toucherism disorder Courtship: genital union--> biastophilia disorder Highly comorbid Lack of social skills? |
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Voyeurism |
Arousal from observing unsuspecting person who is naked Element of risk, forbidenness Scoptophilia-- looking at erotic objects, pics, people (sexual acts and genitals |
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Development of voyeurism |
1/3 had first experience before puberty (12 years old) 1/2 knew they had interest by age 15 Comorbid with other paraphilias Rarely leads to more intrusive activities (rape) but cannot be ruled out High prevalence around the world |
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Exhibitionism |
Exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting person Dx: acted upon without consent; or distress/impairment from urges/fantasies It’s the victims REACTION that creates sexual excitement |
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Prevalence of exhibitionism |
Men > Women Men have fewer socially acceptable outlets for exposing selves? – Strip clubs; mardi gras; nude beaches Lanstrom & Seto (2006): Swedish study 3% aroused to exposing genitals to strangers 2/3 were men |
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Development of exhibitionism |
Begin in adolescence; decreases with age Masturbate to ejaculation while exposing Masturbate to thoughts about it later Not looking to scare; hope for positive reaction (want intercourse) Dogging-- follow someone closely, public sex |
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Telephone Scatalogia |
Verbal exhibitionism Aroused by making sexually explicit phone call; based onREACTION Sexual harassment; stalking |
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Frotteurism |
Rubbing one’s genitals against the body of unsuspecting person Usually crowded, public places Highly comorbid with exhibitionism and voyeurism No large-scale, non-clinical studies |
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Prevalence and Development of Frotteurism |
35% university men participated Men > women Lussier & Piche (2008) Tend to start in adolescence 10% with paraphilia engaged in frotteurism |
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Toucherism |
Touching, rather than rubbing, of others More common? Easier to “get away with” as being “accidental”? |
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Biastophilia |
Erotic interest in committing rape NOT INCLUDED IN DSM V -- Paraphilic coercive disorder Not all rapists have biastophilia Not all with biastophilia committed rape Prefer rape to consensual sex Men > women Type of fantasy reported both men + women |
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Pedophilia |
Biologically, human ready/prepared for sex with menarche/first ejaculation (puberty) Culturally, appropriate age = different standard Sexually arousing fantasies/urges involving prepubescent child (13 or younger) Hebephilia-- sexually arousing fantasies/urges involving pubescent child (12-15) Typically report attraction to specific age ranges Exclusive or non exclusive Groom or coerce specific child in family or neighbourhood |
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Asphyiophilia, Saliromania, Coprophilia, Urophilia, Necrophilia, Bestiality/Zoophilia, Hyphephilia, Klismaphilia, Stigmatophilia, Feederism |
Asphyxiophilia – lack of oxygen Saliromania – damage/soil women or depictions andrepresentations Coprophilia – feces Urophilia – urine (“golden showers”) Necrophilia – corpses – Rare; psychotic – Intercourse: women > men (rigor mortis) Bestiality/Zoophilia – Sexual contact with animal – Particular species, breeds, biological sex – VICE documentary Hyphephilia – particular texture Klismaphilia – enemas; injection of liquid into rectumthrough anus Stigmatophilia – tattoos/piercings Feederism – weight gain/feeding |
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Developmental theories |
Psychoanalytic (Freud; Kaplan): – Oedipus complex – Masculinity/femininity Behavioural (Freud; Money): – Classical conditioning Neurological (Cantor et al., 2006): – Altered brain function? Lower IQ? |
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Brain scans on Pedophiles |
Ponsetti et al. (2012): Brain response patterns to stimuli Pedophiles vs non-pedophiles Schiffer et al. (2007); Schiltz et al. (2007): Pedophiles decreased gray matter volume in: Orbitofrontal cortex, Cerebellum, Ventral striatum, Right amygdala |
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Prevention and Treatment |
Primary prevention: Stopping/preventing before it even develops, Home life; childhood Secondary: Early identification, Minimizing risk Problems?: Diagnosis?, Thought policing? |
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Medical treatment |
Surgical castration: Men; decrease testosterone Decrease sexual behaviour? Chemical castration: Lowering androgen (decrease production or block receptors) Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) – high drop-out rates;re-offence rates high Leuprolide (GnRH analogue); fewer side effects |
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Psychopharmacological Tx |
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor): Antidepressant Main side effect: lowered libido #1 reason for stopping Tx |
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CBT & relapse-prevention |
Client/therapist rapport Challenging cognitive distortions about sexual offending Empathy Taking responsibility Identifying personal risks Developing personalized safety plans |
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Self-esteem & Social skills training |
Help build social skills for engagement Assertiveness, anger, impulsivity, mood management,healthy relationships Important in reducing recidivism |
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Covert sensitization |
Pairing aversive thoughts with fantasies of the target behaviour – Effectiveness? |
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Aversion therapy |
Fantasies paired with unpleasant stimulus i.e., shock therapy Conditioning unpleasant stimulus with paraphilic behaviour To reduce pleasure |
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Satiation therapy |
Masturbate to orgasm to appropriate fantasy Then, masturbate again to undesired fantasy Decreased sex drive paired with second masturbationattempt make experience less exciting |
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Orgasmic Reconditioning |
Masturbate to paraphilic fantasy until point of orgasm/just before Then, switch to more socially acceptable one Goal is to associate orgasm with more “appropriate”stimulus |
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12-step programs |
And other community-based support programs Similar to AA Sexaholics Anon (SA) Sexual Addicts Anon (SAA) Sex & Love Addicts Anon (SLAA) Usually to treat “sex addiction” |
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SA effectiveness? |
Communal support Progression of steps Criticisms: Reliance on “higher power” Sexual sobriety: addictive vs healthy sexual behaviour? High rate of recidivism: 40% after 1 year (Kelly, 2003) Other data? |
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What works? |
Can’t FORCE someone to change Must have willingness/desire to change Most programs are only effective when participation is voluntary |
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Viagra |
Helps maintain an erection Doesn't give you an erection Stimulation (physical/psychological) signals release of cGMP in penis Muscles relax Arteries dilate Veins close Blood fills spongy tissue (corpus cavernosa) Blocks PDE5 Keeps more cGMP available |
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When stimulation ends |
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is an enzyme responsible for breakdown of cGMP Becomes more active as stimulation ends Erection fades |
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Controversies of Sexual Dysfunction |
1) Diagnosis 2) Effectiveness 3) Types 4) Sexual Surrogates 5) Medicalization |
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Controversies of Sexual Dysfunction 1) Diagnosis |
Relevant to time and place (situational) Masturbation Rapid ejaculation Who sees it as a problem? |
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Controversies of Sexual Dysfunction 2) Effectiveness |
Masters & Johnson 80% success 20% failure Beneficial? |
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Controversies of Sexual Dysfunction 3) Types |
Single vs marital relationship Who uses/needs it? |
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Controversies of Sexual Dysfunction 4) Sexual surrogates |
Substitue sexual partner Work in conjunction with therapist/team Prostitute but medical-ness |
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Controversies of Sexual Dysfunction 5) Medicalization |
Creating disorders to make profits? Identify problem; create solution Sildenafil (Viagra)--> started life as antihypertensive (lower high blood pressure) Blood flow went to dick |
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Causes of Sexual Problems |
1) Intrapsychic 2) Interpersonal/ relational 3) Cultural/psychosocial 4) Organic 1-3 = cognitive 4 = biological/physiological |
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Causes of Sexual Problems 1) Intrapsychic Causes |
Importance of early childhood observation based on early family interactions—how parents bathed and diapered their children,whether they showed affection openly, the parents own emotional and sexual relationship Parental silence about sex can send a signal to children that sex is taboo and this may make sex hard to talk about as an adult Even more discomfort if there was sexual abuse or assault in childhood—affects trust, creates shame Early Learning: Restrictions Trauma ex. Don't touch that, it's dirty and at the same time save it for marriage, it's special = confusing |
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Causes of Sexual Problems 2) Interpersonal/Relational Causes |
Conflict resolution is the key difficulty in communicating productively If anger cannot be expressed safely and effectively,eventually it will suppress passion and contribute to sexual problems Vicious Cycle of Sexual Dysfunction |
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Immediate Sources of 2) Interpersonal/Relationship Causes |
1) Anxiety/Fear 2) Cognitive Interference (ex spectatoring) 3) Ineffective communication 4) Ineffective stimulation Vicious Cycle of Sexual Dysfunction |
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Vicious Cycle of Sexual Dysfunction |
Performance pressure --> Fear of failure--> Anxiety that interferes with some phase of sexual response--> Sexual dysfunction actually experienced--> cycle Causes often combine, interact Plus anxiety increases Equal vicious cycle |
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Causes of Sexual Problems 3) Cultural/Psychological Causes |
Ways of teaching societies sexual values: Religious teachings Family teachings Social based education Media images |
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3) Cultural/Psychological Causes: Religious Teachings |
Religions promote certain sexual values and promote or restrict particular sexual behaviours Traditionally Canada was dominated by Christianity withQuebec identified as Roman Catholic and the majority of the rest of Canada as Protestant Currently Canada has many non-Christian religions Multicultural Canada does not have uniform sexual values rooted in one religion |
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3) Cultural/Psychological Causes: Family based teaching |
Many children come to believe that sex is something dirty and forbidden They get negative messages about “touching themselves” Parents avoid direct reference to genitals calling them“down there,” “privates,” “ding dong,” “lady bits,” etc. Parent often teach little besides “where babies come from" |
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3) Cultural/Psychological Causes: Source of Miscommunication |
In the vacuum of inadequate sex education many myths and misinformation about sexuality flourishes Main sources of misleading information come through popular media, which reinforce unreal body ideals and unrealistic performance expectations |
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Causes of Sexual Problems 4) Organic Causes |
10-50%? Drugs (e.g., alcohol; narcotics; SSRIs) Neurogenic (e.g., head, nerve injuries) Vascular (e.g., heart disease) Endocrine (e.g., low testosterone; diabetes) Debilitating disease (e.g., cancer) Fatigue; aging |
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4) Organic Causes: The Role of Hormones |
A number of organic factors contribute to low desire: – Hypothyroidism – Anemia – Diabetes There are other issues after childbirth such as low iron levels, elevated prolactin levels from breast feeding causing vaginal dryness, interrupted sleep, etc. |
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4) Organic Causes: Neurological Disorders and CentralNervous System Injuries |
Damage to the central nervous system (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries) can affect sexual functioning and response Diabetes can reduce blood flow to the genitals and eventually deteriorate nerve function Diabetes can cause erectile dysfunction and lubrication and sensation problems in women |
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4) Organic Causes: Drug-Related Causes of SexualDifficulties |
Messes with erection and hormone levels Awareness and ability and interest |
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Types/Diagnosis For Sexual Disorder |
Issues when it comes to making a definitive diagnosis When (25% of the time?) – DSM V at least 6 months Self-defined? – Distress? Interpersonal problems? Order --> Sexual response cycle – Desire; excitement/arousal; orgasm; resolution |
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1) Desire Difficulties |
Inhibited/hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) no/low interest/desire in sex is common Women>men low Man partner > Women partner low Women>men frequency/discrepancy-- hyper or hypo sexual = difference in expectations |
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2) Arousal Problems |
Women> men When? Situation? Setting? |
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Erectile Dysfunction |
Difficulties may be either generalized or particular Diverse causes—disease, stress, drugs, etc. PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g., Viagra) may help but do not replace subjective arousal |
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder |
Context Lack of arousal which may generate other symptoms such as lack of lubrication Causes include lack of attraction to partner, stress, fear of pregnancy or STIs, does not know or cannot ask for the stimulation she needs What can help is to take a close look at what is contributing to the lack of excitement and pleasure |
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Creating Clitoral Vasocongestion |
Draws blood to clit to create discharge via vibrations |
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Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD) |
women Spontaneous, uncontrollable, persistent Unrelated to sexual desire With/without orgasm or genital engorgement Irregularity in sensory nerves? Post-menopausal hormoneRx? Discontinuation of antidepressants? Nerve damage? |
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Priapism (Greek god Priapus) |
Men Inability for erect penis to return flaccid Unrelated to sexual desire 3-4 hours (Cialis/Viagra); cellular death = 6 hrs Complex factors (blood + nerve supply) |
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3. Orgasm difficulties |
Rapid ejaculation Women> men Youth; mostly psychogenic What time constraint considered rapid? |
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Rapid Ejaculation |
Most common difficulty in men Most current definitions of “how fast is too fast” focus on felt distress by both partners over lack of sufficient pleasure DSM-5 labels a man a premature ejaculator if he ejaculates within 60 seconds of penetration, 75 percent of the time |
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Delayed Ejaculation |
Most underreported sexual dysfunction in men Most men with DE can orgasm alone but have trouble ejaculating through penetrative sex Secondary DE may be caused by anti-depressants or antipsychotic drugs Primary DE tends to be organic Idiosyncratic masturbation style The man may be erect, but may have low levels of arousal that interfere with being able to achieve orgasm Men who use PDE-5 inhibitors (such as Viagra) can have sex even when not particularly excited and cases of DE have increased Men who are thrusting on and on may need more stimulation/or broader repertoire of stimulation |
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Anorgasmia/Female orgasmic disorder |
Women> men Not orgasm enough When is it a problem? |
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Anorgasmia |
Persistent inability to achieve an orgasm Primary (lifelong): often related to a woman’s lack of knowledge about her own body and sexual response Secondary (recent onset): more complex in origin and in treatment Some women are not encouraged to find pleasure in their own bodies and discover what they enjoy Inaccurate images in the media that falsely portray female response such as women coming easily from penetration (vaginal or anal) Secondary anorgasmia is typically caused by use of SSRIs or anti-psychotic medications |
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Dyspareunia |
Painful intercourse More often organic (e.g., scars; infection) Entrance --> Vagina --> Pelvis Diverse causes include endometriosis, STIs, vaginal infections, etc. |
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Vaginismus |
Fear of penetration or pain from vaginal penetration(may include all attempts at penetration including tampons, fingers) Causes involuntary spasms at the entrance of the vagina Recently the DSM-5 has joined the diagnosis of vaginismus and dyspareunia in the category of genitopelvic pain/penetration disorders May be a lot of underlying fear and reluctance to engage in intercourse for a variety of reasons Treatment has traditionally involved dilators to openthe vagina gradually, in combination with relaxation therapy This treatment addresses being physically able to accomplish intercourse without addressing whether intercourse is either desired or pleasurably anticipated |
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Coital Pain |
Women > men |
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PLISSIT-- Jack Annon |
1) Permission: normal, fantasy 2) Limited info: education 3) Specific suggestions: targets and aspects 4) Intensive therapy: normal and targets = something else |
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Therapy for Sexual Difficulties |
Masters and Johnson developed an intensive, brief,behaviour-oriented model of sex therapy Sex therapy included the notions of goal-oriented sexual behaviour, performance pressure, spectatoring, sensate focus exercises Couples, not individuals, should be the focus |
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Sensate Focus |
Developed by Masters & Johnson Series of progressive exercises Partners take turns giving + receiving stimulation Non-demand stimulation of non-genital, then genital areas – No pressure to “perform” or to achieve orgasm Avoiding criticisms; providing direction/feedback |
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Intensive therapy Stop & Start |
Stop + Start technique – Self-stimulation – Approach orgasm threshold(before point of no return) – Stop – Repeat 3x – Orgasm – Introduce partner |
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Squeeze Method Intensive Therapy |
Slight variation; add pressure under frenulum(thumb) – Gently hold 3-5 seconds – Release – Repeat – Orgasm – Introduce partner – NOTE: NO LONGER Rx |
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Intensive Treatment |
• Anorgasmia (pre-orgasmic woman) 1. Preliminary – Genital exam; diagram; Kegel 2. Masturbation training – Explore genitals; stimulate – If no orgasm --> more intense; fantasies – Include vibrator |
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Anorgasmia Treatment |
3. Partner training – Sensate focus; no genitals --> mutual masturbation 4. Disinhibition of arousal – Role play orgasm 5. Practice orgasm features – Muscle contracting Orgasms more likely with practice |
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Intensive Treatment Combined |
Typically combined approach – Biopsychosocial problem biopsychosocial treatment CBT; EFT; ACT; DBT Skills training Involvement with team? |
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Current Sex Therapy |
Still a prominent focus remains on eliminating the sexual symptoms and getting to more normative sexual functioning The field of sex therapy has grown more fragmented in recent years as individuals with minimal training in sexuality offer treatments Increasing medicalization of sexuality (e.g., performance drugs such as Viagra) |
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The women on top coitus postion is sometimes called... |
Not conception position Not missionary position Not cunnilings position |
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According to your lecturer, which of the following is true? |
Kinsey found that mild forms of BDSM were present in a sizeable number |
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According to your text, which of the following is the more common sexual dysfunction/disorder in women? |
Anorgasmia/female orgasmic disorder |
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According to your text and lecturer, which of the following is/are true about cognitive interference? |
Cognitive interference refers to thoughts that distract a person from focusing on the erotic experience Spectatoring refers to the process of mentally "removing oneself" so as to observe or evaluate one's sexual performance |
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Man have almost 10x as much testosterone as women? |
True |
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According to the traditional sexual script, men are... |
Initiators |
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According to research presented in lecture, those men who "come out" at a younger age are... |
More attractive |
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Finger length studies have shown that lesbians women have a high 2d:4D ratio, similar to men? |
False |
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The pheromone isolated form the apocrine glands associated with the production of underarm swear, believed to play a role in human sexual attraction, is called.. |
Androstenol |
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Oral sex performed on a man is called... |
Fellatio |
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Bruce Effect |
Pregnancy block Tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male |
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Gender identity |
One's personal experience of one's own gender Can correlate with assigned sex at birth or can differ Plays a role in social identity in relation to other members of society |
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Sexual Orientation |
A person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual |
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Equity Theory |
Focuses on determining whether the distribution of resources is fair to both relational partners Measured by comparing the ratio of contributions (costs) and benefits (rewards) for each person in the relationship |
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Frotteurism |
Rubbing, usually one's pelvic area or erect penis, against a non-consenting person for sexual pleasure It may involve touching any part of the body, including the genital area |
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Polyamory |
Being in love or romantically involved with more than one person at the same time |
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Sensate focus |
Associated with a set of specific sexual exercises for couples or for individuals Introduced by M&J and was aimed at increasing personal and interpersonal awareness of self and the other's needs |
