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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Category |
"part of speech" or "grammatical category" in English this applies to noun, verb, adj, etc.
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There are two views regarding categories: |
(1) there is an innate set of universal categories (2) each lang creates it's own category distinctions |
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Determiners |
provide information about definiteness and specificity - in rltn to nouns |
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Degree words |
express gradation |
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tense, aspect, modality TAM |
tense: past, present, future aspect: completed, ongoing, habitual modality: possibility, probability, obligation |
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auxiliary verbs |
grammatical aux: do, be have - (tense & aspect) modal aux: can, could, should, may, must |
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count nouns
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denote individualized entities that can be counted (one book, two dogs, three houses) |
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mass nouns |
denote continuous substances (sawdust, air) and cannot be counted (*an air, two sawdusts) |
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animate nouns |
denote living things |
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inanimate nouns |
denote non-living things |
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gender |
divides nouns into sub-sets...sometimes classification is based on 'natural' gender (m vs f vs inanimate)...Eng pronouns work this way |
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grammatical gender |
nouns with non-animate referents are assigned to masculine and feminine classes w/out apparent regard for actual gender associations |
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noun class |
similar to grammatical gender - but used for languages that make LARGE number of contrasts (Fula, W.Africa has 25 noun classes marked by a series of suffixes) *think JPN 'counters' |
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implicational universals |
relationship among various contrasts relevant to subcategories ...the presence of one contrast imples the presence of some other contrast *think: universal rules - if a lang has gender, then it has # |
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States |
(verb): hold for an unbounded period of time |
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achievement |
(verb) occ at a single moment, w/ an immediate end point |
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activity |
(verb) go on for a period of time, w/ NO definite end point |
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accomplishment |
(verb) go on for a period of time, but with a defined end point |
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attributive |
AKA "direct" - can combine directly w/noun (the tall man) |
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predicative adjective |
occur w/ copula or similar verb (the man is tall vs the tall man) |
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phrases |
sentences have hierarchical design where words are grouped into units called ________________s. |
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head |
the nucleus of the phrase, the lement which gives the phrase it's category |
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dependents |
the elements that co-occur w/ a head inside a phrase |
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sentence |
formed by combining NP and VP |
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clause |
a sentence formed by combining two phrases, NP and VP |
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adverbs |
diverse category - words that fill out (modify) the meanings of verbs, adj, other adverbs, sentences **category for words that don't fit elsewhere |
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prostpositions |
occur after the NP with which they combine (don't occ in Eng - rather, in lang where head - right) |
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adposition |
a cover term for prepositions and postpositions |
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deictic |
a determiner that introduces contrasts involving location w/regard to speaker and/or addressee |
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quantifier |
minor category that includes expressions of quantity (every, some, several, many) and also numerals |
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pronouns |
words whose reference is determined elsewhere in the sentence or discourse |
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personal pronoun |
refer to speaker |
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reflexive |
pronoun that refers back to the speaker/NP in the same clause: myself, himself, themselves |
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reciprocal pronouns |
English: each other |
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demonstrative pronouns |
include a deictic component (eg. THIS is more expensive than THAT) ...but are not determiners, which co-occ w/noun |
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indefinite pronoun |
one, someone, anyone |
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relative pronoun |
who and which as they are used in relative clauses (the student [WHO gave us directions], the car [WHICH we washed]) |
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classifiers |
indicate a noun's class membership, especially when it is accompanied by a numeral, or a determiner |
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conjunctions |
used to connect words, phrases, or sentences |
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coordinating conjunctions |
connect elements that are equal in status (two VPs, two Vs, two NPs or 2Ns) |
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subordinating conjuctions |
establish a relationship between a head and a dependent clause |
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complementizers |
are subordinating conjunctions that introduce Ss that function as subject or object |
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negation |
most langs use negative word to create negation in meaning; other lang use bound morpheme; OR use negative V |
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thematic roles |
relationships among the 'parts' of a sentence (i.e., agent, theme, goal, source, location) |
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agent |
entity that instigates action; volitional in the sense that action is deliberate and under theier control |
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theme |
aka patient: the entity undergoing the effect of an action or change; the entity to which a property is attributed |
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goal |
the end point of a movement (the dog walked to THE DOOR) |
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source |
the starting point for a movement |
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Location |
aka locative: the place where an event occurs |
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argument |
the elements whose thematic role is determined by a word's meaning are called its _____________s. |
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thematic paraphrases |
sentences that have the same verb and same nominals bearing the same set of thematic roles (harry 4x) |
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Experiencer |
entity experiencing a psychological state |
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stimulus |
the entity triggering a psychological state or reaction |
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Benefactive/beneficiary: |
the entity benefitting from an action. NPs in this role (in Eng) can usually be marked by the preposition "for" |
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Instrument/Means: |
the entity used by the agent in bringing about the event. NPs w/ this role marked by preposition "with" |
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Causer |
an agent who brings about an event involving other participants. Look for this role when the sentence contains a verb such as "make, cause, or have" |
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Force |
the inanimate entity that causes an event |
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Comitative |
the entity accompanying some other entity |
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Direction |
a type of goal, but w.out any implication that the end point is reached |
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Path |
the route along which movement occurs
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temporal |
for expressions of time and duration |
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purpose |
for expressions of purpose and reason; like the befactive role, this is often marked by "for" |
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possessor |
the entity possessing some other entity |
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inalienable possession |
body parts |
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alienable possession |
not body parts |
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grammatical relations |
labels for different types of "structural" relationships that hold between a head and its arguments |
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core arguments |
verb's S and DO
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semantic bootstrapping |
use thematic roles to id gramm. rltns and figure out a language's S, DO, and IDO |
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oblique |
locatives, instrumentals, adverbs; all the things that aren't S, DO, IDO |
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objects of the preposition |
obliques that occur with a preposition |
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relational / obliqueness hierarchy |
S > DO > OBL |
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antecedent |
the element that a pronoun looks to for its interpretation (it can precede or follow a pronoun) |
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intransitive |
a verb that takes a subject but no DO |
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unergatives |
an intransitive verb with an agent-like subject |
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unaccusatives |
an intransitive verb with a theme-like subject |
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split intransivity |
division of intransitive verbs into unergative and accusative categories |
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transitive |
a verb that takes both a S and DO |
