Sensory Organs

Front 1

Mechanical

Back 1

Touch, hearing,balance

Front 2

Thermal

Back 2

Hot, Cold

Front 3

Electromagnetic

Back 3

Vision

Front 4

Chemical

Back 4

Taste, Smell

Front 5

General Senses

Back 5

Visceral Sensations- Hunger,thirst,hollow-organ fullness Type of Stimulus-Chemical,Mechanical

Front 6

General Sense

Back 6

Touch and Pressure Type of Stimulus--Mechanical

Front 7

General Sense- Temperature

Back 7

Heat and Cold......Type of stimulus...Thermal

Front 8

General Sense- Pain

Back 8

Intense stimuli of any type...Type of Stimulus--------- Mechanical, Chemical , or Thermal.

Front 9

General Sense- Proprioception

Back 9

Body Position and Movement. Type of Stimulus- Mechanical

Front 10

Visceral Sensations

Back 10

Miscellaneous category of interior body sensations......Vague and poorly socialized. Hunger. Thirst. Visceral Stretch -GI Tract and Urinary System

Front 11

Touch and Pressure

Back 11

Tactile sense - sensation of something in contact with the surface of the body. Pressure- sensation of something pressing on the body surface. Different touch and pressure receptors produce sensations of light contact,deep pressure,vibration or hair movement.

Front 12

Temperature

Back 12

2 Types of Temperature Receptors. Superficial - receptors in the skin. - detect changes in skin temperature. Central- receptors in hypothalamus. - - monitor temperature of the blood.

Front 13

Pain

Back 13

Pain receptors= Nociceptors. - Widely distributed inside and on the surface of the body. - Not present in the Brain. - May be simple nerve endings or more specialized structures to detect mechanical forces, temperature,etc. - Purpose: protect body from damage.

Front 14

Pain Processes

Back 14

Transduction. Transmission. Modulation. Perception.

Front 15

Classification of Pain

Back 15

Superficial. Deep. Visceral. Acute. Chronic.

Front 16

Proprioception

Back 16

Sense of body position and movement. - Movements of Limbs - Position of Joints - State of contraction of muscles - Tension exerted on Tendons and Ligaments

Front 17

Special Senses

Back 17

Taste, Smell, Hearing, External Ear, Inner Ear, Equilibrium, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals, Vision, Terminology, Major Layers of the Eyeball, Lens, Retina, Formulation of a Visual Image, Extraocular Structures.

Front 18

Special Sense...Taste

Back 18

Tastes.....Chemical Type of Stimulus

Front 19

Special Sense...Smell

Back 19

Odors....Chemical Type of Stimulus

Front 20

Special Sense ...Hearing

Back 20

Sounds....Mechanical Type of Stimulus

Front 21

Special Sense....Equilibrium

Back 21

Balance and Head Position....Mechanical Type of Stimulus

Front 22

Special Sense...Vision

Back 22

Light...Electromagnetic type of Stimulus

Front 23

Taste= Gustatory Sense

Back 23

Chemical substances detected by receptors in mouth: Papillae on the Tongue and Lining the Mouth and Pharynx

Front 24

Smell= Olfactory Sense

Back 24

Chemical sense similar to taste............................................................................More Important to nonhuman animals Olafactory cellsin Epitheilial patches in nasal passages : Odor Molecules dissolve in mucus

Front 25

Hearing= Auditory Sense

Back 25

Mechanical Sense Converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses Impulses interpreted by the brain as sound Organ of hearing= the Ear Most structures within temporal bones of skull External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear

Front 26

External Ear

Back 26

Pinna- connects sound waves L-Shaped External Auditory Canal Tympanic Membrane= Ear Drum

Front 27

Tympanic Membrane=Eardrum

Back 27

Paper thin connective tissue membrane stretched tightly across opening between: - external auditory canal - middle ear cavity Sound wave vibrations strike Tympanic Membrane and cause it to vibrate

Front 28

Middle Ear

Back 28

Hollowed-out area in Temporal Bone Filled with Air 3 Ossicles: Malleus = Hammer Incus = Anvil Stapes = Stirrup

Front 29

Inner Ear

Back 29

3 Ossicles: Link tympanic membrane with Cochlea Cause vibrations to decrease in size but amplify in force( protects ear )

Front 30

Middle ear Ossicles

Back 30

Act as system of levers that transmit sound wave vibrations from tympanic membrane to Cochlea Malleus- outermost bone, attached to tympanic membrane Incus- Middle Bone Stapes- attached to membrane covering oval window of cochlea Vibrations are decreased in size and increased in force

Front 31

Eustachian Tube--Auditory Tube

Back 31

Connects middle ear cavity with pharynx : equalizes air pressure on two sides of tympanic membrane : slit like opening into pharynx is stretched open *yawning *swallowing

Front 32

Inner Ear

Back 32

Structures contribute to hearing and equilibrium :Cochlea - snail shell-shaped spiral cavity in temporal bone : Organ of Corti - fluid filled portion that makes up receptor organ of hearing

Front 33

Organ of Corti

Back 33

- Runs length of cochlear duct on basilar membrane - filled with Endolymph - contains hair cells ( hearing receptors ), supporting cells, and tectorial membrane

Front 34

Hearing

Back 34

- Sound wave vibrations cause tympanic membrane and ossicles in middle ear to vibrate. - Perilymph around coach;ear duct vibrates. - Cochlear duct moves

Front 35

Hearing

Back 35

- Tectorial membrane and hair cells of Organ of Corti rub against each other. - nerve impulses are generated - impulses travel to brain and are interpreted as sound

Front 36

Equilibrium

Back 36

- A mechanical sense - helps animal maintain balance by keeping track of head's position and movements : equilibrium receptors in inner ear....Vestibule and Semicircular canals. - information from eyes - Proprioceptors around the body

Front 37

Vestibule

Back 37

- Located between cochlea and semicircular canals - 2 Saclike spaces : utricle : saccule - Macula- found in each utricle and saccule - Hair cells covered by gelatinous matrix that contains otoliths

Front 38

Macula

Back 38

- gravity causes Otoliths and gelatinous matrix to put constant pressure on the hairs - movement of head bends sensory hairs - nerve impulse generated to give the brain information about the position of the head

Front 39

Semicircular Canals

Back 39

- located on other side of the vestibule from the cochlea - contain fluid-filled membraneous tubes

Front 40

Eyeball- Middle Vascular Layer = Uvea

Back 40

Iris - pigmented muscular diaphragm - controls amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eye - opening in center of Isis = PUPIL

Front 41

Eyeball- Middle Vascular Layer = Uvea

Back 41

Ciliary Body - Ring-shaped structure behind the Iris - Contains tiny muscles that adjust shape of the lens to allow near and far vision

Front 42

Eyeball- Inner Nervous Layer

Back 42

Retina - lines the back of the eye - one component of the fundus - contains rods and cones, the sensory receptors for vision

Front 43

Compartments of the Eyeball

Back 43

Aqueous Compartment - Aqueous humor

Front 44

Compartments of the Eyeball

Back 44

Vitreous Compartment - Vitreous compartment

Front 45

Aqueous Compartment

Back 45

- Located in front of the lens - subdivided by iris - anterior chamber - posterior chamber - Contains clear, watery fluid= Aqueous Humor - produced in posterior chamber by cells of ciliary body - drained by canal of Schlemm

Front 46

Vitreous Compartment

Back 46

- contains clear, gelatinous fluid = Vitreous Humor - fills whole back of eyeball behind lens and ciliary body

Front 47

Semicircular Canals

Back 47

Ampulla - enlarged area near utricle end of each semicircle

Front 48

Semicircular Canals

Back 48

Crista Ampullaris - receptor structure within the Ampulla

Front 49

Semicircular Canals

Back 49

Cupula - cone shaped area of supporting cells and hair cells with their processes sticking up into gelatinous structure

Front 50

Sense of Motion

Back 50

- The head moves - fluid movement lags in one plane of semicircular canals - fluid movement pulls on cupola - Hairs are bent - Nerve impulse is generated - Brain receives information about motion of the head

Front 51

Vision- Eye components

Back 51

- function is to help form an accurate visual image - function in Not to detect the image

Front 52

Vision- Eye Components

Back 52

Photoreceptors- - located in a single layer of cells in the retina - function is to detect the image - generate visual nerve impulses

Front 53

Eyeball Layers

Back 53

Outer fibrous layer -- Cornea, Sclera

Front 54

Eyeball Layer

Back 54

Middle Vascular Layer---Choiroid, Iris, Ciliary Body

Front 55

Eyeball Layer

Back 55

Inner Layer------Retina

Front 56

Eyeball- Outer Fibrous Layer

Back 56

Cornea---transparent; admits light to interior of the eye -----------orderly arrangement of collagen fibers -----------no blood vessels; many pain receptors

Front 57

Eyeball- Outer Fibrous Layer

Back 57

Sclera-- The "White" of the eye

Front 58

Eyeball- Outer fibrous layer

Back 58

Limbus-- junction of the cornea and sclera

Front 59

Eyeball - Middle Vascular Layer = Uvea

Back 59

Choroid-- Lies between sclera and retina ----------- consists mainly of pigment and blood vessels ----------- Tapetum Lucidum-----is highly reflective area in rear of eye

Front 60

Lens of the Eye

Back 60

Soft, translucent layers of fibers Elastic and biconvex Front surface in contact with aqueous humor Back surface in contact with vitreous humor Helps focus a clad image on the retina through Accommodation process

Front 61

Retina

Back 61

Lines most of the Vitreous compartment Mutilayered: -pigment layer -photoreceptor layer -bipolar cell layer -ganglion cell layer -layer of nerve fibers

Front 62

Retina

Back 62

Optic Disc: "blind spot" of the Eye Site where nerve fibers on the inside of retina converge and leave the eye to form the Optic nerve

Front 63

Retina

Back 63

Photoreceptor Cells: - Neurons with dendrites modified into sensory receptors for light. --RODS = more sensitive to light --CONES = more sensitive to color and detail

Front 64

Formation of a Visual image

Back 64

4 refractive media in the eye help form a clear upside-down image on the Retina - brain inverts image - Conscious mind sees everything right - side up

Front 65

Extraocular Structures

Back 65

Conjunctiva--thin, moist, transparent membrane - covers front portion of eyeball - BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA - lines interior surfaces of eyelids - PALPERBRAL CONJUNCTIVA

Front 66

Extraocular Structures

Back 66

Conjunctiva sac- Space between Bulbar and palpebral portions of conjunctiva

Front 67

Extraocular Structures--- Eyelids

Back 67

upper and lower folds of skin, lined by conjunctiva

Front 68

Extraocular structures---Lateral and Medial Canthus

Back 68

Corners where the eyelids come together

Front 69

Extraocular structures --Tarsal Glands = Meibomian glands

Back 69

-their tiny openings are found along eyelid margin - produce wxy substance to prevent tears from overflowing onto the face

Front 70

Extraocular Structure-- Eyelashes

Back 70

Prominent on upper lid of most animals

Front 71

Extraocular structure- Third Eyelid

Back 71

T - Shaped plate of cartilage covered by conjunctiva - located medially between eyelids and eyeball - no muscle attachment; passive movements - Lymph nodules and accessory lacrimal gland on ocular surface

Front 72

Extraocular structure - Lacrimal Apparatus

Back 72

Structures that produce and secrete tears and drain tears away from the surface of the eye - Lacrimal glands are the primary source of tears - Tear drainage system: - Lacrimal Puncta - Lacrimal Sacs Nasolacrimal Duct

Front 73

TEARS

Back 73

Liquid film that moistens and protects the surface of the eye

Front 74

Tears - 3 Main layers- #1

Back 74

1. Inner Mucus Layer- From cells in Conjunctiva

Front 75

Tears - 3 Main Layers - #2

Back 75

2. Middle tear layer- from Lacrimal glands and accessory lacrimal glands of the third eyelid -- Keeps Cornea Moist

Front 76

Tears - 3 Main Layers - #3

Back 76

3. Outer Oily Layer - From Tarsal or Meibomian Glands - Reduces evaporation of underlying tear Layer - Prevents tears from flowing over the lid margin

Front 77

Extraocular Structures -- Eye Muscles

Back 77

- Small, Skeletal muscles - Attach to Sclera - Capable of wide range of movements