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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acetylcholine functions as neurotransmitter |
Peripheral nervous: transmits signals to muscles Is used by parasympathetic and small amount of sympathetic nervous system. In cns it is associated with attention and arousal. Loss associated with Alzheimer’s Is inhibitory for heart, excitatory for muscle, cns is excitatory |
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Epi and norepinephrine |
Related to dopamine as all three are catecholamines or monoamines. Important for emotions. Associated with sympathetic. Norepi is more a neurotransmitter and epi is more a hormone |
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Dopamine |
Movement and posture. Found in basal ganglia Associated with schizophrenia. High amount or high sensitivity is schizo low is Parkinson’s |
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Setotonin |
Mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming. Also a monoamine Also part of mania/depression like norepinephrine |
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GABA |
Inhibitory. Hyperpolarizes post synaptic membrane. Stabilizes brain activity |
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Glycine and glutamate |
Glycine inhibitory by influx of Cl to polar post synaptic membrane like GABA Glutamate: excitatory |
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Neuromodulators |
Also neuropeptide. Slow longer acting neurotransmitter. Endorphins are an example and are pain killers |
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Rooting reflex |
Turning of head towards touched cheek |
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Moro reflex |
When infant head moves abruptly they cry and reach out |
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Rough phases of social development |
Baby: gets stranger and separation anxiety Two years: parallel play( children play alongside but don’t influence one another) Three: gender identity and name 5: peer conformity and liking girls |
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Motor skill types |
Gross: big whole body movements Fine: drawing catching |
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What is the trend of motor skill development? |
Gross motor skills tend to go head to toe order |
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Social skill trends |
Parents, self, others |
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Transduction vs perception |
Transduction is conversion of environment signals to nerve signals Perception is the processing of the electrical info |
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Proximal and distal atimuli |
Distal, stuff that is away from observer such as campfire Proximal, the photons and heat that touch our body. |
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Threshold (sensory) |
Minimum stim that changed perception |
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Threshold (sensory) |
Minimum stim that changed perception |
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Absolute thresholg |
Minimum stimulus required to activate a sensor. Not perception |
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Jnd can be tested with |
Discrimination testing |
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Weber’s law |
That a JND is a constant proportion |
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Signal detectionctheory |
How we use perception based internal factors and environmental context |
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Response bias |
SDT related. Tendency of a subject to respond to a stim a certain way due to non sensory factors |
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Signal detection experiment traits |
Signals are presented and person indicates when they sense it Trial with signal catch trial Without noise trial If subject says yes and: signal present is hit signal not is false alarm If subject says no and: signal absent correct negative signal there miss |
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Vessels that supply eye |
Choroidal vessels Choroid is layer between sclera and retina |
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Vessels that supply eye |
Choroidal vessels Choroid is layer between sclera and retina |
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Muscles that control pupil |
Dilator pupillae: dilates Constrictor pupillae: constricte |
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Vessels that supply eye |
Choroidal vessels Choroid is layer between sclera and retina |
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Muscles that control pupil |
Dilator pupillae: dilates Constrictor pupillae: constricte |
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Ciliary body |
Produces aqueous humor which drains into canal of Schlem. It and iris continuous with choroid |
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Vessels that supply eye |
Choroidal vessels Choroid is layer between sclera and retina |
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Muscles that control pupil |
Dilator pupillae: dilates Constrictor pupillae: constricte |
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Ciliary body |
Produces aqueous humor which drains into canal of Schlem. It and iris continuous with choroid |
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Ciliary muscle |
Part of ciliary body. Under parasympathetic control It pulls the suspensory ligament to change lens shape called accommodation |
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Duplicity theory of vision |
Rods and cones |
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Rods have a pigment called______ |
Rhodopsin |
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Macula and fovea |
Macula is a dark spot on retina with mostly cones Fovea is the center of macula and only has cones |
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Rods and cones connect with _____cells that synapse with ______ cells which group and form ______ |
Bipolar Ganglion Optic nerves |
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There are many more rods and cones than ganglion cells which results in a loss of _____ |
Detail |
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Horizontal and amacrine cells |
Also receive rod cone signals and transfer to ganglion cells. Help detect edges and contrasts |
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Horizontal and amacrine cells |
Also receive rod cone signals and transfer to ganglion cells. Help detect edges and contrasts |
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Visual info that strikes nasal side is _____ and temporal ____ This means that_______ |
Crossed over Same side All left side viewed stuff goes to right brain and vice versa |
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Visual pathway |
Optic nerves to optic chiasm (crossover occurs for nasal side) New paths called optic tracts. Then lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, through temporal and parietal lobes and finally to visual cortex I. Occipital lobe Some inputs go to superior colliculus which controls response and reflex |
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Parallel processing |
Simultaneously processing color, shape, and motion and comparing to memories to make a determination of what is viewed |
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Parallel processing |
Simultaneously processing color, shape, and motion and comparing to memories to make a determination of what is viewed |
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Shape detected by |
Parvocellular cells which have high spatial resolution but low temporal resolution so bad with motion |
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Motion detected by |
Magnocellular cells Low spatial and high Temporal resolution So fast objects blurry |
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Three ear parts |
Outer: pinna or auricle channels into external auditory canal to tympanic membrane Middle: divided by tympanic membrane has the ossicles. Malleus, incus and stapes (hammer anvil stirrup) Inner: housed in a bony labyrinth. Has the cochlea certitude and semicircular Canal.
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Three ear parts |
Outer: pinna or auricle channels into external auditory canal to tympanic membrane Middle: divided by tympanic membrane has the ossicles. Malleus, incus and stapes (hammer anvil stirrup) Inner: housed in a bony labyrinth. Has the cochlea certitude and semicircular Canal.
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Membranous labyrinth |
Fills the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals. Bathed in potassium rich fluid called endolymph. Suspended in perilymph which transmits outside vibrations and cushions |
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Cochlea |
Spiral organ divided into three scalae that run whole thing. Middle one is actual hearing device called organ of Corti (which has hair cells) that rests on basilar membrane. This scalae has endolymph. Tectorial membrane is immobile and sits on organ of corti. Other two scalae filled with perilymph and transmit vibrations from oval window to basilar membrane |
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Cochlea |
Spiral organ divided into three scalae that run whole thing. Middle one is actual hearing device called organ of Corti (which has hair cells) that rests on basilar membrane. This scalae has endolymph. Tectorial membrane is immobile and sits on organ of corti. Other two scalae filled with perilymph and transmit vibrations from oval window to basilar membrane |
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Round window |
Membrane hole permits movement of perilymph in cochlea |
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Eustachian tube |
Tube that connects middle ear to nasal cavity and equalizes pressure |
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Vestibule |
Has utricle and saccule which are sensitive to linear acceleration and help balance. They contain modified hair cells with otoliths which resist acceleration |
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Semicircular canals |
Three of them. Sensitive to rotational acceleration. Have swelling ends called ampulla |
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Semicircular canals |
Three of them. Sensitive to rotational acceleration. Have swelling ends called ampulla |
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Auditory pathways |
Hair cell to auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve. Ascends to median geniculate nucleus (mgn) then to temporal lobe auditory cortex Some info sent to superior olive for sound localization and inferior colliculus for reflexes |
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Hair cells |
Have stereocilia. These sway in response to vibration which opens ion channels and causes potential. Tectorial amplifies. |
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Hair cells |
Have stereocilia. These sway in response to vibration which opens ion channels and causes potential. Tectorial amplifies. |
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Place theory |
Placement of hair cell on thick or thin part of basilar membrane. High freq pitch vibrates close to oval window, low freq at apex. Thus sound is tonotopically organized |
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Smell and pathway |
Olfactory chemoreceptors (nerves) on roof of nasal cavity. Many types one for each smell. Signals go from receptors to olfactory bulb then olfactory tract then to brain and limbic system |
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Taste |
Detected by chemoreceptors in response to dissolved compounds. Group of receptors called taste buds found on papillae Goes taste bud to brain stem to taste center in thalamus then brain |
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Somatosensation receptors |
Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure and vibration Meissner corpuscles: light touch Merkle cells: deep pressure and texture Ruffini endings: stretch Free nerve endings: pain and temp |
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Somatosensation receptors |
Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure and vibration Meissner corpuscles: light touch Merkle cells: deep pressure and texture Ruffini endings: stretch Free nerve endings: pain and temp |
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Two point threshold |
Min distance on skin for stim to be felt as two sensations |
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Temp is measured on skin via |
Physiological zero. Normal skin temp |
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Gate theory of pain |
Pain path can be turned off |
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Kinesthetic sense |
Proprioception |
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Bottom up processing (data driven) |
Perception based on parallel processing and feature detection to make a picture |
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Bottom up processing (data driven) |
Perception based on parallel processing and feature detection to make a picture |
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Top doen |
Identification of thing based on memory and expectations of thing. Cause deja vu |
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Perceptual organizatoon |
Using both processing types for a whole picture |
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Monocular cues |
Depth perception. Relative size, converging lines, lighting, and obscuring of one object by anothet |
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Binocular curs |
Angles between object relative to eyes |
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Form |
Form is determined by parallel processing feature detection and magnocellular cells for motion
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Form |
Form is determined by parallel processing feature detection and magnocellular cells for motion
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Constancy |
Something is same despite environment |
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Form |
Form is determined by parallel processing feature detection and magnocellular cells for motion
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Constancy |
Something is same despite environment |
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Gestalt laes |
Proximity: close objects perceived as groups Good continuation: elements that appear to follow path are grouped together Similarity: similar objects grouped Subjective contours: shapes perceived that aren’t actually there Closure: lines appear continuous All governed by law of Praganaz which says we seek symmetry regularity and simplicity |