Sensation And Perception Exam 1

Front 1

You can create a version of the ________ by illuminating a light-colored surface with a desk lamp and casting a shadow with a piece of paper.

Back 1

Mach bands

Front 2

The Nobel Prize winners who conducted the pioneering research on the physiology of striate cortex neurons were

Back 2

Hubel and Wiesel.

Front 3

Hartline et al. (1956) selected the Limulus to demonstrate lateral inhibition because

Back 3

it was possible to illuminate a single receptor without illuminating its adjacent receptor.

Front 4

Most of the signals travel from the retina to the ______ via the optic nerve.

Back 4

lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 5

The difference in intensity between the light bars and the dark bars is called

Back 5

Contrast

Front 6

In the simultaneous contrast effect, gray squares of equal intensities are surrounding by either a dark background or a lighter background. The square on the dark background looks _______ than the square on the lighter background.

Back 6

lighter

Front 7

As we travel farther from the retina, neurons fire to

Back 7

more complex stimuli

Front 8

“Grandmother cells” are mostly closely associated with _______ coding.

Back 8

specificity

Front 9

“How do physiological responses transform into perceptual experiences?” summarizes the

Back 9

hard problem of consciousness

Front 10

The different types of cortical cells are also called

Back 10

feature dectectors

Front 11

The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the

Back 11

receptive field

Front 12

A stimulus that contains alternating black and white bars is called a

Back 12

grating

Front 13

In Hermann’s grid, gray areas appear at the intersections because

Back 13

the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is twice as great as the inhibition between each square.

Front 14

Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to

Back 14

moving stimuli

Front 15

From which direction does the LGN receive the majority of its input?

Back 15

the cortex

Front 16

Graphing the response of a simple cortical cell results in the

Back 16

orientation tuning curve.

Front 17

White’s illusion is an example of a perceptual effect that can be explained by the principle of

Back 17

belongingness

Front 18

The gray intersections in the Hermann Grid

Back 18

support the claim that “perception is not the same as the physical stimulus.”

Front 19

A neuron with an excitatory center- inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate

Back 19

only the center

Front 20

An advantage of ___________coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons.

Back 20

distributed

Front 21

When a kitten is exposed to an environment of just horizontal lines, the kitten

Back 21

would have cortical cells that respond to horizontal lines, but none to vertical lines.

Front 22

In Mach bands, the darker area sends _____ lateral inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the darker area.

Back 22

less

Front 23

Neurons in the LGN have __________ receptive fields.

Back 23

center-surround

Front 24

To measure _________, the experimenter decreases the intensity difference between the light bars and the dark bars until an observer can just barely detect the difference between the dark bars and the light bars.

Back 24

contrast threshold

Front 25

Response __________ in a magnitude estimation experiment when doubling the stimulus intensity LESS than doubles the subjective magnitude of the stimulus.

Back 25

compression

Front 26

The process of transforming energy in the environment into electrical energy in the neurons is called

Back 26

tranduction

Front 27

The Weber’s fraction for electric shock is _____, and ______ for light intensity.

Back 27

0.01; 0.08

Front 28

The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of

Back 28

limits

Front 29

In a detection experiment, Randy says “yes” to 90% of the trials, and Perry says “yes” to 70% of the trials. Our best conclusion from this study is

Back 29

response criterion may be different for Randy and Perry.

Front 30

The human response to electric shock demonstrates response expansion. This is important because it can explain why people

Back 30

will withdraw even from weak shocks

Front 31

Demetri is a participant in an auditory detection study using the method of constant stimuli. He never detects the 10 unit tone. He detects the 20 unit tone 25% of the trials. He detects the 30 unit tone 50% of the trials. He detects the 40 unit tone 80% of the trials. He detects the 50 unit tone 95% of the trials. His threshold for hearing tones would be taken as the

Back 31

30 unit tone

Front 32

A soup company wants to develop a “reduced-salt” version of their traditional minestrone. Which of the following would be the best first step to take?

Back 32

determine the Weber’s fraction for salty taste

Front 33

Cognitive influences affect the _______ level of analysis.

Back 33

both physiological and psychophysical

Front 34

The difference between the method of limits and the method of adjustment is that, in the method of adjustment, stimulus intensity is changed in a _______ manner.

Back 34

continuous

Front 35

Fechner’s psychophysical methods

Back 35

are currently used to test a person’s hearing and vision.

Front 36

The image projected on the retina is best described as a ______ of the actual stimulus.

Back 36

reprentation

Front 37

Of the three classical psychophysical methods, the method of constant stimuli

Back 37

is most accurate, but takes the most amount of time.

Front 38

The physiological level of analysis involves the relationship between

Back 38

both stimulus-and-physiology and physiology-and-perception.

Front 39

Justin forgot to wear his glasses to class so the writing he sees on the chalk board is blurry. Even so, he is sure it says “Pop Quiz!” because he knows that there are pop quizzes in the class and he can see read the “P” and the “Q”. What allows him to read the board?

Back 39

top-down processing

Front 40

Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called _________ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.

Back 40

neurotransmitters

Front 41

Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is

Back 41

one year old

Front 42

As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows

Back 42

the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases.

Front 43

Light can be described in terms of wavelength, or as consisting of small packets of energy called

Back 43

photons.

Front 44

The visual pigment molecules are contained in the

Back 44

outer segments of the visual receptors.

Front 45

Rushton demonstrated that the physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is

Back 45

visual pigment regeneration.

Front 46

Cone spectral sensitivity is measured by having the observer

Back 46

look directly into a light.

Front 47

The Purkinje shift

Back 47

is when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions.

Front 48

Individual suffering from myopia may have difficulty seeing _______ objects clearly. Often times they are also referred to as being _______.

Back 48

distant; nearsighted

Front 49

A wavelength of 100 nm would fall in the ______ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Back 49

ultraviolet rays

Front 50

The “rod-cone break” in the dark adaptation curve occurs after about ___ in the dark.

Back 50

7 minutes

Front 51

Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called

Back 51

accommodation.

Front 52

Convergence results in _________ sensitivity and _______ acuity.

Back 52

increased; decreased

Front 53

Nina does a demonstration of “seeing” the blind spot, in which a grid pattern surrounds the black dot that disappears when it falls on the blind spot. What does Nina most likely see in the area where the dot disappears?

Back 53

a continuation of the grid pattern

Front 54

Rods and cones synapse with ______ cells, which then synapse with ____ cells.

Back 54

bipolar; ganglion

Front 55

A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is

Back 55

macular degeneration.

Front 56

In the early stages of _______, peripheral rod receptors are destroyed leading to poorer peripheral vision.

Back 56

retinitis pigmentosa

Front 57

The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye’s focusing power is the

Back 57

cornea.